WHO IS UNACQUAINTED WITH THE CEOCRAPHY OF THIS COUNTRY, WILL 
SEE BY EXAMJNINC TH!6 MAP , THAT THE 




CHICAGO, ROCK ISLAND & PACIFIC R. R. 

IS THE GREAT CONNECTING LINK BETWEEN THE EAST AND THE WEST! 



a line runs from Chicago to Council Bluffs, passing through 
Juliet, Ottawa, La Salle, Geneseo, Moline, Rock Island, Davenport, 
West Liberty, lo'wa City, Marengo, Brooklyn, Grinnell, Des Moines 
(the capital of Iowa), Stuart, Atlantic and Avoca; with "branches 
from Bureau Junction te Peoria; Wilton Junction to Muscatine, 
Washington, Fairfield, Eldon, Belknap, Centreville, Princeton, 
Trenton, Gallatin, Cameron, Leavenworth, Atchison and Kansas 
City ; Washington to Sigourney, Oskaloosa and Knoxville ; Keo- 
kuk to Farmington, Bonaparte, Beutonsport, Independent, Eldon, 
Ottumwa, Eddyvllle, Oskaloosa, Pella, Monroe and Des Moines; 
Newton to Monroe ; Des Moines to Indianola and Winterset ; Atlan- 
tic to Lewis and Audubon ; and Avoca to Harlan. This is positively 
i Railroad which owns and operates a through line from 
Chicago into the State of Kansas. 

b Express Passenger Trains, with Pullman Palace Cars 
attached, are run each way daily between Chicago and Peolia, 
Kassas City, Council Bluffs, Leavenworth and Atchison. 
Through cars are also run between Milwaukee and Kansas City via 
the " Milwaukee and Rock Island Short Line." 

The " Great Rock Island" is magnificently equipped. Its road- 
hjvl is simply perfect, and its track is laid witli steel rails. 

What will please you most will be the pleasure of enjoying your 
meal- while passing over the beautiful prairies of Illinois and Iowa 
in one of our magnificent Dining Can that accompany all Through 
Express Trains. You get an entire meal, as good as is served in auy 
first-class hotel, lor seventy-five i 

Appreciating the fact that a majority of the people prefer separate 

apartments for different purposes (and the Immense passenger busi- 

; line warranting it), we are pleased to announce that this 

runs Pullman Palace Sleeping Cars for sleeping purposes, 

. i I';, lire Dlntmc lars for eatine purpose's only. One other great 

i a SMOKING SALOON where you can 

enjoy your" Havana" ai all hour! "I" the day. 



the Mil 



nd Mil 



issippi 

sfers are avoid 

nd Atchison, 



Magnificent Iron Bridges spa 
at all points crossed l.v this lint 
cil Bluffs. Kansas Civy, Leav. 
being male in Union Depots. *" 

THE PRINCIPAL R. R. CONNECTIONS OF THIS GREAT 
THROUGH LINE ARE AS FOLLOWS: 



•ith all diverging lines for the East and South. 

>, with the L. S. A M. S. and P., Ft. W. A C. R. 



At Chicago 

At Englev 
Rds. 

At Washington Heights, with P., C. & St. L. R. R. 

At La Salle, with III. Cent. R. R. 

At Peokia, with P. P.4J.; P. D. & E. ; I. B. Ai W. : 111. Mid. ; 
and T. P. & W. R. Rds. 

At Rock Island, with " Milwaukee A Rock Island Short Line," 
and Rock Island A Peo. R. Rds. 

At Davenport, with the Davenport Division C. M. & St. P. R. R. 

At West Liberty, with the 1!., C. K. A N. R. R. 

At Grinnell, with Central Iowa R. R. 
• At Des Moines, with 1>. M. A F. D. R. R. 

At Council Bluffs, with Union Pacific R. R. 

At Omaha, with B. A Mo. R. R. R. in X. 6. 

At Columbus Junction, with B., C. R. A N. R. R. 

At Ottumwa. with t'entral Iowa R. R. ; W., St. L. & Pac, and 
C. B. & Q. R. Rds. 

At Keokuk, with Tol., Peo. & War. ; Wab., St. Louis A Pac, 
and St. I... Keo. .v. N.-W. R. R.ls. 

At Cameron, with H. A St. J. R. R. 

At Atchison, with Alcb., Topeka A Santa Fe ; Atch. A Neb. and 
Cen. Br. U. P. R. Rds. 

At Leavenworth, with Kan. Pac. and Kan. Cent. R. Rds. 

At Kansas City, with all lines for the West and Southwest, 



PULLMAN PALACE CARS are run through to PBOEIA, DES MOINES, COUNCIL BLUFFS, KAN- 
SAS CITY, ATCHISONand LEAVENWORTH. 

Tickets via this Line, known as the " GREAT ROCK ISLAND ROUTE," are sold by all Tjcket Agents 
in the United States and Canada. 

For information not obtainable at your home ticket office, address 
*X. KIMBALL, E. ST. JOHN. 

Gen'l Superintendent. Gen'l Ticket and Passenger Agent, CHICAGO, ILL. 



J. H. HAV 



LY'S 



AMERICAN ENTERPRISES. 

> I » I — 4 

Haverly's Niblo's Garden Theatre, New York. 
Haverly's Fifth Avenue Theatre, New York. 




Haverly's American United Mastodon Minstrels. 
Haverly's Athletic and Pedestrian Amphitheatre. 
Ha verly's Genuine Negro Minstrel & Jubilee Comp'y 
Haverly's Golden Group Mining Co., Colorado. 
Haverly's Mining Exchange, Chicago, 111. 
Haverly's Jockey Club & Driving Park, Chicago, fll. 



J. H. HAVERLY'S MINING INTERESTS, 

—4^ jP^TI^I .A.S FOLLOWS : ^0= — 

THE J. H. HAYERLY GOLDEN GROUP MINING CO., 

Consisting- of sixteen Mines and three Placer Claims in the San Miguel District. 

THE RED CROSS PLACER MINING CO., SAN MIGUEL. 

THE HAYERLY INVINCIBLE MINE AND MILL OF ROSITA. 

THE CHICAGO AND SILYER CLIFF MINING CO., 

Embodying the following' claims: 

BIJOU, MYRTLE, CASTLE, JIM CROW, MAMMOTH, SHERIDAN, 

DEL ORA, FREDERICK CITY, WALTER SCOTT, SING SING, 

AND OTHERS. 

Interests in the SAN JUAN DISTRICTS, 

THE SALAMANCA, THE CUBA, THE UNDINE, AND FIVE OTHERS, 

THE GUNNISON INTERESTS include 

THE GUNNISON NEWS, The First and Leading Newspaper in the 
County. HAYERLY, BOUTCHER, BUCK & HALL, Editors and 
Proprietors, Gunnison, Col. 
THE GUNNISON MIMING & REAL ESTATE EXCHANGE, HAYERLY, 
BOUTCHER, BUCK & CO., Gunnison, Colorado. 

— — s ns^uxrinsro- claims:: 

THE BULLION KING, MONTE CHRISTO, HIDDEN TREASURE, 

WHITE LILY, JERSEY BLUE, BETSEY, NATIYE SILYER, 

EXTENSION OF THE SILYERNITE, THE RUSTLER, 

ANDTWELYE OTHERS. 

ALSO EIGHT PROSPECTING COMPANIES, 

Composed of reliable men of many years' experience, who will prospect all Mineral Districts of the entire 
State of Colorado during the Seasons of iSSo and iSSi. 

THE REAL ESTATE, OR CITY AND TOWN PROPERTIES OF J. H. HAYERLY, 

Consists of about TWO THOUSAND LOTS in GUNNISON, IRWIN and 

CRESTED BUTTE. 
SIXTY ACRES of Land adjoining GUNNISON, and LARGE TRACTS of 

COAL LANDS IN WASHINGTON GULCH. 

For information desired, inquire of or communicate with 

-->THExJ.xH.xHAVERLYxM1N1NGxEXGHANGE,^- 

16 and 18 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO, ILL. 



> 
< 



■ 



^ The+Tourist's+Favorite+Route. 



■5 a 

bo 
< 




*■ •8jnojj+8}uoABj+sjsjjnoj i +8qj l «■ <j 



DENVER AND RIO GRANDE 



-^•fj IN CONNECTION WITH THE |<§-^»- 

UNION AND KANSAS PACIFIC 

= AT DENVER^ 

— AND THE — 

ATCHISON, TOPEKA & SANTA FE 



FORMS THE SHORTEST, QUICKEST, AHD ONLY RELIABLE ROUTE 

— TO THE — 

Great Gunnison and Sanjuan Mining Regions 

AND FAMOUS MOUNTAIN RESORTS OF COLORADO. 



The Immense Fields of New Mining 1 Country opened up by the construction of the 
Denver and Rio Grande Railway oflers to men of enterprise, willing to work, or with capital 
to invest, the Grandest Opportunity of Amassing- Fortunes yet witnessed on the 

American Continent. 



See that Tickets Read: " Denver and Rio Grande Railway, 
via ALAWIOSA," for the San Juan and Gunnison Countries, and 
" ViaCleora" forLeadville and Gunnison. 



Freight should to plainly marked, "Care Denver & Eio Grande Eailway," Denver or Pueblo, via routes a: a'::?: 
For information concerning I» ites, Time, etc., etc., address 

S. W. ECCEES. WALTER HINCHMAN. 

General Freight and Passenger Agent, General Eastern Agent, 117 Court land, St., 

DENVER, COLORADO. NEW YORK. 



1 



ELK MOUNTAIN 




I gold and Silver fining (Jonpny. 



z-'S' 



^HF^^-lb^gy^ 



-^•-*r- 



CAPITAL, 



$ I ,000,000. 



40,000 Shares at the par value of $25 Each, to be sold only at par. 

BUSINESS OFFICE, - - - TOPEKA, KANSAS. 



TDIIRECTOlFtS: 

A. S. Johnson, Land Commissioner, Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe 

Geo. O. Manchester, Asst. Gen. Mang'r " " " 

W. F. White, Gen. Ticket & Pass'r Agt, " " 

J. F. Goddard, General Freight Agent " " " 

T. J. Anderson, General Agent, " " " 

J. C Cooper, Cashier Land Dept., " " " 

W. W. Gavitt, Banker, Topeka. 

Edwin Scott, " '• 

Geo. W. McCay, Mining Expert, Pueblo, Colorado. 



R'y, 



Expert, 

A. S. JOHNSON, 
EDWIN SCOTT, - 
GEO. W. M2CAY, 



President. 
Treasurer. 
Superintendent. 



The Company's property consists of eleven very promising mining lodes, th,» " Miners' 
Delight," "Highland," " Gypsey," "Scott," "Jennie's Favorite," "Gavitt," "Queen of the 
Elks," "Mosquito," "Sailor Boy," "Painter Boy," and "Fireman," and also a one-half 
interest in the "Baggageman," and a three-eighths interest in the "Opulent," also a tunnel 
site; all located at the head of Washington Gulch, Elk Mountain District, Gunnison County, 
Colorado. 

Such are some of the principal facts regarding a very remarkable mining organization, 
having its headqviarters at Topeka, Kansas. It is certain that all stocks held for sale will 
soon be taken. It is also certain that the gentlemen in charge will work the mines for all 
that there is in them, and that the stockholders will get all that comes out without having to 
pay for any excessive or ioolish expenditure. — 6V. Louis Raihvay Register. 

For further information, address or apply to 

EDWIN SCOTT, Treasurer, 

Topeka, Kan. 



THE 

ATCHISON, TOPEKA, & SANTA FE RAILROAD 

Is the only road running through the beautiful valley of the Arkan- 
sas to the health-giving localities of the Rocky Mountains. 

PURE 3IOUNTAIN AIR. 

Ozone and electricity are nature's health restorers. To combine 
these with pure air and bathing in mineral springs, one must go to 

THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 

Put not your faith in quack nostrums, or even in the more ortho- 
dox pharmacopoeia, but take the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe 
Railroad, the only route that in itself gives you a choice of routes, 
for it takes you into 

SOUTHERN COLORADO, 

Through the garden of Kansas, where, under the sunnv skies of the 
west, the wilclerdess of ten years ago is now covered with golden 
grain. 

It takes you via Pueblo to Canon City, Colorado Springs; Mani- 
tou, and Denver; or, if the weather is warm, to Estes Park. If it 
is cold, you can go by it into New Mexico, following the Rocky 
Mountains far south to the Hot Springs of 

LAS VEGAS, 

Where, with a delightful mountain air, you enjoy a summer sun in 
winter, and rind a splendid hotel replete with every luxury and con- 
venience. 

IT IS THE ONLY ROUTE 

Which, costing you no more than any other to Colorado, runs, in- 
stead of through barren plains, along the ever diversified banks of 
the Great Arkansas River, and enahles you without additional ex- 
pense to select, on reaching La Junta, Colorado, whether you prefer 
to go north or south along the main range of the Rocky Mountain--. 

The track is excelled by that of no other road in the West. Its 
passenger trains are equipped with the Westinghouse Automatic 
Brake, Miller Coupler and Platforms, and all modern improve- 
ments. Pullman Palace. Sleeping Cars run through from the Mis- 
souri River to the Rocky Mountains without change. 

*.,.* TIi rough Tic -Lets for sale in all Eastern Cities. For further 
information apply to 

W. F. WHITE, 

General Passengrer and Ticket Agent, 
rOPEKA, KANSAS. 



The Fruit Zone of the World 

—IS ON THE — 

38th PARALLEL § LATITUDE 

Which runs through the 

Cottonwood and Arkansas Valleys 

in SOUTH CENTRAL and 

SOUTHWEST KANSAS, 



-WHERE THE- 



Atchison, Topekafi Santa Fe Railroad 

OFFER FOR SALE 

TWO MILLION ACRES 

Choice Farming, Fruit Growing, and Grazing liAHIOS, at Low Prices, 
on Long Time and Low Interest. Large discounts for Cash. 

These Lands are located in the very heart of the great Winter Wheat 
Region of the State. The total winter wheat acreage in the State for 1SS0 
is 1,866,326; of this amount 601,477 acres, or one-third of the entire acreage 
of Kansas, is in nine adjoining counties in the Cottonwood and Arkansas 
Valleys. 

A rich soil, pure water, health}' climate, short winters, good roads, ex- 
cellent society, churches and good schools, are characteristics of South 
Central and Southwest Kansas. 

For Maps and Circulars giving full information about this favorite lati- 
tude, write to 

A. S. JOHNSON, Land Com., 

A.,T. Sl S. F. R. R. CO., 

TOPEK.A, KAN'S. 

Or to BELFORDS, CLARKE & CO., Canadian Agents, 

TOU-OKfl'TO, ONI?. 



cars 10 on from mm city. 




THE GREAT PALACE RECLINING CHAIR CAR ROUTE TO AND FROM KANSAS CITY, 



?/, 



WHERE TO GO 



TO 



BECOME RICH. 



Farmers', Miners' and Tourists' Guide 



Kansas, New Mexico, Arizona and Colorado. 



BvB. C. KEELER 



With Complete Text of the Mining Laws, Glossary of Mining Terms, and 
. Maps of New Mexico, Arizona and Colorado. 




CHICAGO : 
BELFORD, CLARKE & CO., 

PUBLISHERS. 



COPYRIGHTED 

i SSo. 

BELFORD, CLARKE ,V CO. 






J.S.Qeol.Bur t 



II. Ml Al I.ASTER & Co., 

Printi 

C" 11 1 ■ VGO. 






Blomgren Bros., & Co.. 

Electrotypers. 

Chu VGO. 



Manufactured by 

DONOHUI & I ll NNliUERRY, 
C HIC AGO. 




The projectors of this work do not claim for it completeness, but 
they can present it to the public as an accurate record of the facts as 
to the country treated. Every effort has been made to collect the 
facts, to publish only such as were of the most importance, and to 
place them in a convenient volume. 

Kansas is, of course, a great agricultural state, and the desire is for 
information of that character. Its growth is marvelous, but is nothing 
compared with what it will be, and the aim has been to furnish such 
knowledge of that western empire as would be most serviceable to 
one proposing to go there. Its products of wheat and corn, and other 
cereals, the ratio of its increase, its standing as compared with other 
agricultural states, all these have been carefully considered and pre- 
sented. The sheep and cattle raising of the great west lies in west- 
tern Kansas, New Mexico, and Colorado, and a separate department 
has been made of that industry, grouping the states, and treating the 
subject as a whole. The information was obtained from men who 
have been in the business for years, and are still pursuing it success- 
fully, and it may be relied upon for accuracy. 

The department of the book given to New Mexico will be found 
valuable to the tourist as well as to the miner. The Las Vegas hot 
springs and the quaint old town of Santa Fe are dwelt upon at con- 
siderable length, so that the work may answer as a guide book for 
all who visit those places. The information regarding mines and 
mining districts is the very latest, and, like the remainder, will be 
found correct. The map of New Mexico shows the confirmed and 
unconfirmed grants, the former being marked by figures and the lat- 
ter bv letters. It will be very useful for reference. 



PREFACE. 

The new and almost unexplored districts of southern New Mex- 
ico and Arizona are treated at a satisfactory length for a popular 
work, and give all the information concerning the best districts, the 
stage routes, cost of travel, freight charges, and so on, that a stranger 
will need. The maps will he valuable here also. 

The article on Colorado has been confined mostlv to the new and 
unknown southern portion, the Gunnison and San Juan countries. 
Northern Colorado has been thoroughly described time and again, 
and the duty of a new guide is to give intelligence of new counties 
and not to revamp old stories. The rush into Gunnison this season 
will be almost unprecedented, and it is believed that the traveler will 
find in this hook all the information up to this date that was to he- 
had as to the routes, distances, towns, districts, and such other points 
as would naturally he asked about. A good map accompanies the 
article. 

To make the work as complete as its size would permit, a sort of 
appendix has been added, which really takes up a good share of the 
volume. It contains hints as to prospecting and assaying, procuring 
outfits, and such other essentials of a miner's life as he should know 
first and best. Tables are added of the heights of towns and peaks, 
the distance^ and showing the value of any quantity of gold dust, all 
of which form a ready reference. And finally, to give the volume 
permanent value, the mining laws of the United States, of New 
Mexico, of Arizona, and of Colorado are given in full, and after them 
a glossary of the principal mining terms in use in the west. 

Chicago, June i, 18S0. 





KANSAS .... 

Its Topography 
The Population - 
The Climate 
Some Cities and Towns 

Atchison - 

Kansas City ... 

Lawrence ... 

Topeka - 

Carbondale, Burlihgame, and Osage 

Emporia - 

Florence 

Newton ... - 

Wichita - 

Hutchinson - 

Nickerson 

Sterling .... 

Great Bend ... 

Pawnee Rock 

Larned _"-■-'- 

Dodge __■•---_ 

Rainfall 
Its Productions and Industries - 

Wheat ... - 

Corn .'_•--. 

Where to Go 
Advice to Those Proposing to Go 



Page. 

l l~ 44 
l 9 

21 

2I ~ 35 

22 
22 
22 

2 3 

27 

27 
28 

3° 
3° 
3° 
3 1 
3 1 
3 2 
33 
34 
34 
35 
37 
37 
4° 

4 1 

42 



CONTENTS. 

STOCK RAISING - - - - 45- 55 

Sheep in Kansas - - * - "45 

Cattle Raising in Kansas - - 47 

Sheep in New Mexico and Colorado - "5° 

Cattle in New Mexico and Colorado - 52 
NEW MEXICO ..... 57-101 

Trinidad, Colorado - 57 
Las Vegas ------ 59 

The Stages ..... 50, 

Hermit Mountain - - - - 60 

The Penitentes ----- 60 

The Hot Springs at Las Vegas - 61 

The Land Grants .... 6^ 

Indian Pueblo Grants - - - - 69 

Las Vegas to Santa Fe - - - 70- 72 

Bernal - 70 

San Miguel - - - - - 71 

Pecos Cathedral - - - - - 71 

La Glorietta - - - - - 72 

Crops and Irrigation . - - - 72 

Santa Fe ..... 72- 92 

History ------ 73 

The Palace ..... 7S 

Christian Brothers College - - - So 

San Miguel Church - - - - Si 

Oldest House in Santa Fe - - - - S3 

Convent of the Sisters of Loretta - - 83 

The Cathedral - - S3 

The Bishop's Garden - - 84 

The Old Cemetery - - - 84 

Old Fort Marcy ' 85 

Chapel of Our Lady of the Rosary - - $6 

Guadalupe Chapel - ■ - SS 

Stage Lines from Santa Fe - - - - 91 

Points neak .Santa Fe - - 93 

Jemez Springs - - - "93 

Ojo Caliente - - - - 93 

Taos Cathedral - - - - "-93 



CONTENTS. 



The Cerillos - 

Albuquerque - 

Stage Lines from Albuquerque 
White Oaks - 

Central and Southern New Mexico 

ARIZONA 

Some Towns - 

Prescott - 

Tucson - - - 

Yuma - 
Hieroglyphics 
Phenix - 
Mormon Settlements 
Its Mining Interests - 

Pima County ... 

Tombstone - 
Dos Cabezas 
Yuma County - 

Yavapai County ... 
Mojave County - - - - 

Pinal and Maricopa Counties 

Globe District ... 

COLORADO ---. 
Northern Colorado 

Mining Interests ... 
Health Resorts - 
Gunnison 

How to go to Gunnison - 
Alamosa - 
Buena Vista - 
Canon City - 

Cleora - 

Character of the Ore 
Principal Points - 
Gunnison City - 
Ruby Camp - 

Pitkin .... 
Gothic 



94 

97 

97 
9 S 

99 

[03-114 
103-1 10 

>3 
[ °5 
[07 
108 
[oS 
[09 

1 1-1 14 

1 1 

1 1 

12 

l 3 

J 3 
»3 

H 
J 4 

'5-138 

l 5 

l 7 

l 9 

21 



-4 

•25-13° 

2 5 
26 

■ 2 7 
28 



CONTEXTS. 



Washington Gulch 

Crested Butte - - - - 

Hillerton ----- 
Views of Men Who Have Been There 
San Juan - 

Rio Grande Count v 

I linsdale County ... - 

San Juan County - 

Ouray County - 

La Plata County ... 

Its Drawbacks and Advantages 
MISCELLANEOUS 

How to Prospect ... - 

How to Assay Carbonates 
Altitudes in Colorado 
Altitudes Outside of Colorado 
Distances - 

Table Showing the Value of Gold Dust 
MIXING LAWS ... . 

Of the United States 
Of Colorado .... 

Of Arizona - 

Of New Mexico 
GLOSSARY .... 



28 

130 
130 

3 1 
32-13S 

'33 

34 

34 

35 
: 35 
[36 

38-140 

•33 

140 

[41 
142 
142 

'43 
[45-176 

'47 
r68 

73 
76 
77-180 





Title Page ------ 

Heading to Preface - 

Canterbury Bells ----- 

Heading to Contents - 

Globe of Cowslips ----- 

Heading to List of Illustrations - 

Squirrel and Birds .-•-.. 

Kansas Avenue, Topeka - . - 

Capitol of Kansas, Topeka 

Dairy Scene, Kansas - 

White's Lake ----- 

The Game ----- 

MennoNite Farm, Kansas 

How Mennonites Lay 'Out Farms 

Street Scene in Hutchinson, Kansas 

School-House, Line of the A. T. and S. F. R. R. 

Court-House, Great Bend, Kansas - 

Pawnee Rock, Kansas - - - 

Bridge at Larned - 

Farm on the Line of the A. T. and S. F. R. R 

Kansas Corn ----- 

A Kansas Product ----- 

Basket of Nuts - 

Wild Flowers _-»-.'.... 

Flock of Sheep - 

High Grade Sheep ----- 

Mennonite Settlement - 



Page. 

Title 

9 
10 

i i 

M 
l 5 
l 7 
2 3 

H 

27 

28 
28 
29 

3 1 

3 2 
3 2 
33 
34 
35 
39 
40 

43 

44 

45 
46 

46 
4 S 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Kansas " Water Works " - 49 

Wild Fern ------ 55 

San Miguel College, Santa Fe - - 56 

Apple Blossoms ------ 57 

Raton Mountains ... - 5S 

Hotel and Bath-House, Hot Springs, Las Vegas, 62 

In San Francisco Street, Santa Fe - 74 

Burro and Boy ------ 78 

Governor's Palace, Santa Fe - - 79 

The Plaza, Santa Fe ... 81 

Priest Teaching Boys, Santa Fe - - 82 

The New Cathedral, Santa Fe 84 

New Fort Marcy, Santa Fe - 85 

St. Mary's Chapel, Santa Fe - - S7 

Guadalupe Chapel ----- SS 

Mexican Pottery --.--- 90 

Burros Packed with Goods ... cp 

Ruins of the Cathedral of Taos 93 

Pueblo of Taos : - 94 

New Mexican Indians - - - - 100 

Deer in the Forest - 101 

Forest Scene, Colorado - 102 

The Inundation - - 103 

Street Scene, Prescott, Arizona - 104 

C'ontT-HousE, Prescott ... - 104 

Si mool-House, Prescott - 105 

San Xavier Church, near Tucson - .106 

Arizona Bouquet ... 107 

Hieroglyphics on the Rocks, Arizona - 109 

Stage Station, Arizona - - - - 110 

Cat Among the Geraniums - 114 

Colorado Hills - - • 115 

Twin Lakes, Color - - n8 

Teocalli Mountains, Colorado - - 120 

Scenic in Pueblo - - - 122 

Bullion and Silver Ore - - - 124 

Ruby Camp, Elk Mountains, Colorado - 1 26 

Ute Indians, Colorado - - - 1 - / 

Bramble and Holly - - . i]| 




HISON, TOPEKA & SANT 

RAILROAD. 

only line from the Missouri River 
Points in 

X>RADO, 

NEW MEXICO, 
ARIZONA, 
OLD MEX 

Pullman Palace Cars through to 

0, COLORADO, AND SANTA F£;* ( 

)SE DAILY CONNECTIONS MADE WI 

— And 

st Freight Ling 

\LL IMPORTANT TO) 
ND MINING CAMPS. 

Low Rates to Miners and pra - , MA /\ OF THE 

s, and Mining Macninery, &c.f on ' l0 P el5a and Santa Pe Railroad Company, 

— AND — 

| jour Ticket reads, and LIST 03T 

f Freight i S consigned viJEieflT AND PASSENGER AGENTS 
JON, TOPEKA & SANTA FE Ii — *«— 

. EDDY, Gen'l Agent 

(JEROME, Trav. Agent 



U information, Mans „.. T ^ 

l-rjy. -, ' XV ^P S ' MALCOLM, Gen'l Agent, 

s, lime Tables, PasseJvNEs, D « 

*r and Freight Rates, nderson, 
apply in person or • F - brown, 

address, • TRUSLOW^Gen 'l Trav A gent, __Topeka, Kas 

J - F - GOODARD, ^^f S f^rf^^' aK0 ^ 0Bt - 

. ^ARGILL, New England Agt., 197 Wash St., Boston, 

Cincinnati, Ohio. 



51 C lark St., Chica go. 

54 Clark St., Chicago 

- 419 Broadway, N. Y. 

402 Pine St., St. Louis. 

Kansas City, Mo. 

Denver, Col. 



ITE, 

1 Pass. Ag't. Gen'l Fr't A J ""' °"™ "**"" 

Topeka, Kas. TopekaJ ANNEY ' Pass - A S ent 

-OR- IVHITE, fien'l P ass . and Ticket Agt., Topeka, Kas 

the AgentS On List On flODDARD, Gen'l Freight Agent, Topeka, Kas 



is 



Cx 



d 









I 






-TO TAKE THE- 



Chicago Burlington and Quincy Railroad, 

= it offers to the public every advantage to be enjoved bv a trip over n line which is FIRST- 
CLASS in all its appointments, at the very lowest rates, with FAST TIME AND 
DIRECT CONNECTIONS between CHICAGO and all points in 

ANSAS, NEBRASKA, COLORADO, WYOMING, 

MONTANA, NEVADA, ARIZONA, IDAHO, 



And CALIFORNIA. 

» NO OTHER LINE WEST FROM CHICAGO RUNS jpfe 




THE FAMOUS C. B. & Q. PALACE DININC CARS. 

Steel Track and Superior equipment, combined with their GREAT THROUGH CAR ARRANGEMENT, 
lies this, above all others, the favorite Route to the South, Southwest, and the Far West. Try it, and you will find 
reling a luxury instead of a discomfort 

All information about Rates of Fare, Sleeping Car Accommodations, and Time Tables, will be cheerfully given 
applying to 

"W. HITCHCOCK JAMES B. WOOD, T. J. POTTER, 

Gen'l WeBt'n Pass'r Agt, Gen'l Pass'r Agt., Asst. Gen'l Mr.nager, 

CHICAGO. CHICAGO. CHICAGO 



I 





IHISON. TOPEKA & SANTA FE 

RAILROAD. 

! only line from, the Missouri River to all 
Points in 

LORADO, 

NEW MEXICO, 
ARIZONA. 

OLD MEXICO. 



Palace Cars through to 

!L0, COLORADO, AND SANTA FE, KM. 

LOSE DAILY CONNECTIONS MADE WITH 

r^.C3-E T_jI3STES 

-Ani- 

ast Freight Lines 

I ALL IMPORTANT TOWNS 
AND MINING CAMPS. 

il low Rates to Miners a 
ors, am Mining Machinery, 4c. 

'that your Ticket reads, and that 
your Freight is consigned via 

full information, Map- Cir 
liars, Time Tables, Passen- 
ger and Freight Rates, 
apply in person or 
add. 

WHITE, j. p. GOODARD, 

lAe-t 
Tonkas. ToPttA,KA«. 

—OR— 

[oftheAgentsonListonMap. 




54 Clark St., Chicago. 

54 Clark St., Chicago 

■ 419 Broadway, N. V. 

402 Pine St., St. Louis. 

Kansas City, Mo. 

Denver, Col. 

JN'O. I.. TRUSLOW, Gen'lTrav Agent, Topeka, Kas. 
R. J . BELFORP, PasT " Agent, 60 York St7Toronto, Ont. 
II. L. CARGILL, New England Agt., 197 Wash St., Boston, 
W. J. JA.NNEY, Pass. Agent - . Cincinnati, Ohio. 
W. P. WHITE, Oen'l Pass, and Ticket Agt., Topeka. Kns. 
•J F (iODDAKD.Ooii'l Freight Agent, Topeka, Kas 

A 




Kansas is in the exact center of the Union. A line 
Irawn midway across the map of the United States 
rom east to west will intersect one drawn across the 
center from north to south. It is 400 miles long, 200 miles wide, 
and has 52,043,520 acres, of which less than 8,000,000 are yet under 
cultivation. The average altitude of the state above the ocean level 
is 2,375 feet; the lowest point, the junction of the Kansas 
and Missouri rivers, is 750; the highest point is in Cheyenne 
county, about 4,000 feet. The rivers drain the country in a southerly 
and easterly direction, and the descent averages 71^ feet to the mile. 
There is not a fall on any of these streams 7 feet high. The surface 
is, for the most part, a gentle, rolling prairie, and even where the rivers 
have rapids, a dam will seldom give a fall of more than 10 feet. 

The soil of both valley and high prairie is the same fine, black, 
rich loam so common in the western states. On the high prairie it 
is from one to three feet deep, but in the bottom it is sometimes 
twenty feet deep. A few exceptions to this general rule of fertility 
exist in the extreme western and southwestern counties, but they con- 
stitute but a small portion of the whole. The state is so well drained 
that there are very few valleys with stagnant ponds, and there is not 
a peat swamp of fifty acres within its borders. 

The topographical character of the state can be seen from the fol- 



lowing table: 



07) 



Coiui/r, 









-:: 



«.. 






Allen 

Anderson 

Atchison 

Barbour 

Barton 

Bourbon 

Brown 

Butler 

Chautauqua . . 

Chase 

Cherokee 

flay- 

. loud 

Coffee 

Cowley 

Crawford 

Davis 

Dickinson . . . . 

Doniphan 

Douglas 

Edwards 

Elk 

Ellis 

Ellsworth 

Ford 

Franklin 

Greenwood.. . . 

Harper 

Harvey 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Jewell 

Johnson 

Kingman 

Labette 

Leavenworth. . 

Lincoln 

Linn 

Lvon 

Marion 

Marshall 

McPherson. . . . 

Miami 

Mitchell 

Montgomery . . 

Morris 

Nemaha 

Neosho 

Norton 

Osage 

< )sborne 

Ottawa 

Pawnee 

Phillips 

Pottawatomie. 

Reno 

Republic 

Rice 

Riley 

Rooks 

Hush 

Russell 

Saline 

S. idgV ick 

Shawnee 

Smith 

Sumner 

Waubansee . . 
w i hington. . 

Wil on 

Wood 

\ v indotte. . . 



90 6 94 Level 

90 6 94 Undulating 

15 85 10 90 Undulating 

90 I 99 Bluffy and undulating 

40 60 1 99 Level and undulating 

S3 10 90 Undulating 

98 8 92 Undulating 

i S 85 s 95 Undulating 

25 75 8 92 Undulating 

88 5 95 Bluffy and undulating 
So 10 90 Undulating 

89 4 96 Undulating 

90 3 97 Undulating 
13 87 S 92 Undulating 

33 67 6 04 Level and undulating 

15 85 10 90 Undulating 

So 3 97 Blufty and undulating 

So 3 97 Undulating 

75 16 84 Bluffy and undulating 

So 6 94 Undulating 

Rolling prairie 

75 8 92 Level and bluffy 

85 1 99 Level, undulating and bluffy 

92 1 99 Undulating 

80 1 90 Level 

83 8 92 Undulating 

80 5 95 Undulating 

90 2 98 Level 

40 60 6 94 level 

13 S7 5 95 Undulating 

15 85 5 95 Undulating 

16 84 3 97 Undulating 
90 16 84 Undulating 

Rolling prairie 

80 10 90 Blufty, level and undulating 

80 io 90 Undulating and bluffy 

85 1 99 Undulating 

80 10 90 Undulating 

15 85 8 92 Undulating 

16 84 2 98 Undulating 
80 3 97 Undulating and bluffy 
95 1 99 Undulating 
80 10 90 Undulating 
80 2 9S Undulating and level 

25 75 10 90 Rolling and level 

15 85 5 95 Undulating 

90 3 97 Undulating 

80 9 oi Undulating 

9- " 99 

90 S 92 Undulating 

80 2 98 Undulating 

25 75 2 9S Undulating 

25 75 1 99 Undulating 

15 85 2 98 Undulating 

25 75 4 96 Blufly and undulating 

15 85 l 99 Undulating 

9° 3 97 Undulating 

85 1 99 Undulating 

8b 4 on Blufly and undulating 

So 1 99 Level 

So 1 99 Undulating ■. 

90 1 99 Undulating 

3° 7° 1 90 Level, undulating and high 

50 50 I 99 Level 

31 69 8 92 Undulating 

15 85 2 98 Undulating 

80 3 97 Undulating 

85 4 96 Undulating, level and blufty 

i)2 _• 9 Undulating 

§0 8 92 Level 

90 6 94 Undulating 

SO 25 75 Undulating -and' blufty 



KANSAS. 19 

The state is well watered by streams, it has good water power, and 
only seven states in the Union have more miles of railway. 



THE POPULATION. 

The immigration into Kansas, and for " homes in Kansas " is one 
of the marvels of the age. Only a few years ago, the state was the 
hunting-ground of the savage, and the foot of the white man was 
never set within it, save only when some adventurous scout or fron- 
tiersman risked his life to invade the unknown. Now busy, thriving 
cities are scattered all over the state. Churches, school-houses, 
colleges, railways, telegraphs, manufactories, farms, herds of stock, 
thousands of miles of waving grain, and thousands of happy homes, 
happy faces and families are to be found everywhere. In 1S75 the 
population of the organized territories was 528,349. Of these, 463,- 
238 were born in this country. The larger contributions of foreign 
nations was as follows: Germany, 17,34^; Ireland, 10,366; Eng- 
land and Wales, 10,366; Scotland, 2,147, and British America, 
7,147. At this time, 91,170 of the inhabitants were natives of Illi- 
nois, the most generously contributing states after this being Mis- 
souri, 73,369; Iowa, 49,873; Indiana, 36,322; Ohio, 32,362; Penn- 
sylvania, 13,399; New York, 12,306; Michigan, 9,935, and Ken- 
tucky, 9,194- The six New England states had directly contributed 
6,35s persons, but of course many of the people from this and other 
western states were more or less directly from New England. 

In a state bursting into activitv, as Kansas has done, by im- 
migration, the proportion of immigrants to births would be very 
large. Less than one-fourth of the people now within its borders 
were born there. 

Since 1S7 5 the population has increased with marvelous and 
almost incredible rapidity. In 1855 it was 8,601; in i860, 107,206; 
in 1865, 135,807; in 1870, 364,399; in 1S75, 531,156; in 1878/708,- 
^497; in 1S79, 849,978. This shows that in 24 years, from 1855 to 
1880, the population increased one hundred fold; and that in four 
years, from 1875 to 1879, it increased 335^ per cent. 



20 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



In i860 the center of population* was at a point eleven miles 
directly south of Lecompton ; in 1S70 it had moved east fourteen 
miles, to a point six miles southeast of Lawrence. In 1875 it had 
moved southwest fifty miles, and was at a point seventeen miles 
northeast of Emporia. In 1878 it had moved forty-five miles west 
and one mile south, and was about thirty-two miles south of Junc- 
tion City. The fact that the center of population moved westward 
fifteen miles a year for three years is evidence of a tidal wave of 
emigration that is without a parallel in the history of states. 

The increase of population from 185510 i860 was 1,146.41 per 
cent.; the increase from i860 to 1865 was 26.68 per cent. ; the in- 
crease between 1865 and 1870 was 168.32 per cent.; the increase 
from 1870 to 1875 was 45.75 per cent. The increase between 1S75 
and 1878 was 33.39 per cent. 

The following table shows the progress of population, property, 
and taxation: 



Tear. 




'~ J* 

ft, 


t ^s 

En 




,5 ^1 

jSc/j 


0: 


33 


Co 


1865 

1870 

1875 

1877 

1S7S 

1879 


364-399 
531,156 

650.000 
708,497 
849,978 


"i<5S 

45 

23 

9 

'9 


$ 36,126,000 
92,000,000 
121,544,000 

I T, 7.480,000 
138,698,810 
144,803.673 


15467— 
32.11— 
13 II— 

.89- 

4.42— 


$216,756 
809,620 
7 2 9> 2 65 

756,137 
762,843 
942,046 


$1 60 

2 22 

1 37 
1 16 
1 08 
1 11 


$ 455,275 
1,342,275 

', 385,775 
1,235,900 
1,181,975 

r, 181,975 


$3 35 
3 68 
2 61 
1 91 
167 
• 39 



Kansas lies between the thirty-seventh and the fortieth parallels, 
the district which, the world round, controls the destinies of the 
globe, and the time will come when the state will he the powerful 
eenter of the most powerful nation on earth. In 1790 the center of 
population of the United States was in Maryland on the thirty- 
ninth parallel, and at every new census it has moved westward 
very nearly along that line, until now it is just west of Cincinnati, 
and on its way to Kansas. The thirty-ninth parallel, which has 



* The 1 enter of population Is illustrated in this way: Cut out ;i card with the shape and pro- 
portional! men ions of the state; sprinklesand on the surface, so that the relation between the 
1 the densitj of population will be preserved — say one grain for every 1,000 

1 iii>. ii of sand on it — and balance the 

card, so sprinkled, on the point of a pin. The place in the stutc at which the card balances will 
be the center of population. 



KANSAS. 21 

been the thread upon which, as upon the necklace of the world, have 
been suspended the jewels of wealth, culture, plenty, luxury, and 
refinement, passes directly through the southern portion of the state, 
through the fertile Arkansas valley. 

The people are intelligent, cultivated, and law-loving. A Kansas 
home is generally a model of comfort, cheerfulness, and luxury. The 
culture to be found in one class pervades more or less all classes. 
Even the criminals are " high-toned." One broke jail at Topeka 
not long since, and left a note saying that as there was no piano in 
his cell he would not remain longer! With the enterprise which 
the citizens are now showing, the intelligence and refinement of 
Kansas will be fully equal to the highest. 



THE CLIMATE. 

The climate of Kansas is one of the most genial in America. 
There is not a swamp within its entire limits, and malaria is unknown. 
The atmosphere is particularly good for consumptives in the early 
stages of the disease, and for those afflicted with pulmonary diseases 
and asthma. The temperature goes to neither extreme. During 
the year 1879 the mean temperature was 54.67 , which was. 51 ° 
above the mean of the eleven preceding years. The highest tem- 
perature was 99.5 , on August 4th; and the lowest was i6 a below 
zero on January 4th, making the range for the year 115.5 . The 
mean temperature of the winter months was 27.93 , which was 1.94 
below the average winter temperature; of the Spring, it was 5S.04, 
which was 4.S3 above the average; of the summer, 76.05 , which 
is 47 below the average; and of the autumn, 56.71 °, which was 3.9 
above the average. 



SOME CITIES AND TOWNS. 

There is probably not a place in southern Kansas this side of the 
one hundredth degree in which a legitimate enterprise, properly 
managed, will fail. Every town is doing well. Business is good, 
and there are excellent opportunities for young men to go there, 
and make a splendid start in life with a small capital. In some of 



32 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

the towns so brisk is everything, that any kind of a business will 
succeed. It will be interesting, therefore, to the reader who thinks 
of settling, to learn what the best towns in the state are. Of course, 
the Inst <>nc to be mentioned is 

ATCHISON, 
for it is the gateway to the state, and is, itself, one of the chief 
cities in the west. It was settled in 1S54, and the postoffice was 
first opened in 1855. The population is now 12,000, and is increasing 
very rapidly, so that the place will be ultimately, if it is not already, 
of commanding importance. A magnificent iron bridge spans the 
Missouri; the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe road starts at this 
point, and six other lines center here. Coal is found in the county 
and marketed, and building stone, potter's clay, and fire clay are 
found in abundance. The city has three steam flouring mills, furni- 
ture and agricultural implement manufactories, foundries, a brick 
factory, and various other manufacturing industries with an invested 
capital of over $200,000 ; daily and weekly papers, schools, 
churches and so on. 

KANSAS CITY, 
though not in Kansas, is nevertheless on her borders, and is of so 
great importance to the state that a slight mention will not be out 
of place here. In less than a decade it has grown from a town of 
sjooo inhabitants to a city of 65,000, with magnificent stores, ware- 
houses, ;iim! business blocks, elegant residences, a retail trade of mil- 
lions, and a wholesale trade extending over twenty states and terri- 
tories. The yearly receipts of wheat are 2,000,000 bushels ; corn, 
5,000,000 bushels ; other cereals, 1,000,000 bushels. The annual 
receipts ol wool are 20,000,000 pounds ; of coal, 200,000 tons ; and 
of hogs, 500,000 head. Of course the greater part of these are re- 
skipped to eastern points. The stock yards and elevators afford 
ample facilities for handling all the products of Kansas that may be 
sent [here. The Atchison, Topeka, and .Santa Fe railroad connect ; 
here with all trains from the east, north and south. It is also a good 
point at which to lie oyer a few days and become a little accustomed 
to the change in climate. 

LAWRENCE, 
in Douglas county, is an enterprising city, destined to take its place 



KANSAS. 



2 3 



among the leading places of the west. There is something of the 
same rivalry between it and Topeka that there is between Chicago 
and St. Louis, and the Topeka people say jocularly that " Lawrence 
is a good place to lean up against a post and think !" But Lawrence 
is abundantly able to take care of itself. It is famous in history as 
the town which Quantrell sacked during the war, and as being the 
center of the great conflicts during the " border ruffian " days, but it 
has recovered nobly from all that. It now has a population of 
9000 ; steam and water power mills, manufactories, foundries, gas 




KANSAS AVENUE, TOPEKA. 

works, newspapers, schools, churches, and everything that goes to 
make up a civilized community are there ; and the University of 
Kansas is located within its limits. 

TOPEKA, 
the capital of the State, is the leading city of Kansas. Its popula- 
tion is about 16,000. The city was incorporated Feb. 14, 1S57 ; the 
first store was opened in 1S55, an< ^ '* st '^ stands on the west side of 



KANSAS. 25 

iCansas Avenue, between Second and Third Streets. Coal, building 
stone, and fire clay are found in the county. The general offices 
and the machine shops of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe road 
are located there. The city also has flouring mills, a carriage man- 
ufactory, a steam power and a hand power foundry, a cabinet man- 
ufactory, brick-kilns, a pottery, a rolling mill, and other establish- 
ments "with invested capital to the amount of about $200,000 ; daily 
and weekly papers, excellent schools, churches, and two colleges 
afford ample educational facilities. The state capitol is just receiv- 
ing an addition, the west wing, at a cost of $200,000. 

Topeka's praises were humorously sounded by the publisher of 
the last city directory. The article has enough of genius in it to 
entitle it to partial republication here : 

Topeka was born of poor but honest parents (Giles and Holliday); and she 
sits upon the banks of the Kaw, the empress of that or anv other navigable 
water that leaves the soil of Kansas. She commands the whole internal mari- 
time trade of our state. Her future is secure, as the judge said when he sen- 
tenced the man to the penitentiary for life. Lawrence has recently stolen a 
bridge from Babcock, and its citizens are rapidly wearing it out in traveling 
over it and trying to get through their noggins the spirit of public enterprise 
which spans our turbulent currents with magnificent structures, free to all. 
We have a free bridge at Topeka that was paid for. We also have a lunatic 
asylum. Here resides the governor ; and also his recently-appointed military 
staff; as, also, their new clothes; and which are ornamented with more gen- 
uine metal, distributed around promiscuous like, than a brass kettle. Here 
they investigate our senators. Here was where Senator Vance toldjiis stories, 
and here in Topeka Senator Saulsbury went for a hackman on account of an 
overcharge, and which came mighty near exhausting the appropriation. The 
investigation only ended with the expenditure of the appropriation, and it now 
rests in the vest pockets of our tivern and saloon keepers. 

Atchison has published the statement that it has built six hundred houses 
the last year. Thank fortune, it is our last say. We have had a thousand built if 
we have had one ; and our opportunities and resources for counting, in that 
number, newly weather-boarded cabins on the Missouri bottoms, are vastly in- 
ferior to that of our neighbor. The federal court house is in process of erec- 
tion, at a cost none of us can guess at or approximate or wish to limit. It will 
be sandwiched between one-dollar-a-day hotels for the especial convenience of 
Elevenworth patronage. Topeka has stores until you get tired ot looking at them. 
and customers to buy everything they have got. She has the capitol. She 
has the legislature, or did last winter, on the caoitol appropriation. She has 
the Santa Fe railroad, the big boss thing of the West. She will have in the 
next two years direct communication with Popor atapetl and Chimborazo. She 



26 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

has the lunatic asylum. Hotels without number, where you pay for all vou 
get. It will have the state fair next year, at which, if there are any fast horses, 
they will be under the surveillance of Brother Monjeau, and who will make 
that feature so unobjectionable that even the puritans of Lawrence will visit it. 
We have machine shops, railroad shops, and the finest printing offices in 
the west. 

We have the scarletina, typhoid and other game in its season ; we have two 
shows, first-class, moral entertainments, stopping over with us this winter. We 
have, in connection therewith, a full menagerie, lions, bears, hippotamuses, 
rhinoceroses, jackasses, hyenas, the what is it, and the what not else, all under 
one canvas and at one price, and which will be, we hope, a greater source of 
profit to our people than any equally moral political investigation. We have 
a straw lumber manufactory, where was made the first lumber out of straw 
that was ever produced. We have the huge, monstrous rolling mills yet wait- 
ing for work. We have also some fellows here who would like to get us to 
put our foot into it and vote for street horse cars, to disfigure our boulevards 
and avenues, and crowd and hamper our already overburdened streets. We 
have a gem of a library that no citizen should fail to foster and patronize. We 
have some members in the city council who stood against the appropri- 
ation to make it free, who deserve and will receive, we hope and pray, a speedy 
retiracy at the hands of their constituency. We have .half a dozen loan offices 
which, in the aggregate, loan $3,000,000 yearly, and through whose humane and 
philanthropic endeavors each flaw in every title to real estate in Kansas will be 
ascertained and made known. We have Bethany college, where hundreds and 
hundreds of fair-haired, beautiful girls are becoming fitted for their stations as 
the coming women of Kansas. We have Washburn college ; and, goodness 
alive, the free public schools ! They are on this corner and on that ; they are 
here, and there and everywhere ! And then the children ! A beehive struck 
with a club is not half so numerous. They are our only natural sources of 
increase; other than them, we are largely compelled to obtain the balance of our 
population from abroad. We spend $10,000 a year for new school books, with 
four book agents to hear from. There are more babies born in Topeka than 
any other town in Kansas, and there is more raw bird's eye whittled up into 
diapers, by a thousand yards, than in all of Atchison, Lawrence or Eleven- 
worth. This much for statistics. And in this connection, you may go to 
almost any portion of the west — Kansas, Colorado or New Mexico — and as you 
behold the mother applying the corrective slipper to the wayward child. 
exposed to view, shrouding a part of the infantile form from exposure, there can 
be seen and read: "XXX Best Family Flour. 50 lbs. ' Smith, Jones & Co.'; or 
' Sampsonian Mills,' Topeka," — evidence at once of the. enterprise and exten- 
sive trade of our manufacturers, as well as the close economical views held by 
tlu- maternal parent. And of this take due notice and be governed accord- 
ingly : we have over three hundred bright, blushing widows living within the 
corporate limits of this city, and suicides on account of unrequited love are 
almost unknown or unheard of in its history. 



KANSAS. 



27 



CARBONDALE, BURLINGAME, AND OSAGE CITY, 
all in Osage county, are destined to be thrifty and important towns, 
being in the heart of the coal district. Carbondale has a population 
of 1000, and is a good business place. Burlingame is the head of 
the branch to Manhattan, where rich coal fields have been recently 
struck. It has good flouring mills, and large quantities of hay are 
baled for shipment. Its population is 1200. Osage City has a pop- 
ulation of 2500, largely engaged in the coal trade. The Atchison, 
Topeka, and Santa Fe road is supplied in this coal field with fuel for 
its line as far as Colorado. Four or five wealthy mining companies 
have headquarters at Osage, employing hundreds of men. 

EMPORIA, 
the county seat of Lyon county, has a population of qooo. It is 
beautifully situated between the Neosho and Cottonwood rivers, 

c Affile 




about a mile from each, and six miles from their junction. It is the 
crossing point of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe, and the Mis- 
souri, Kansas, and Texas railways, and is the head of the branch of 
the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe road which runs through 
Eureka to Howard City. The state Normal school built at a cost 



2S 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



of $50,000 is located there. Coal, Blue and white limestone, pottery 
and fire clay are found ill the county. 

FLORENCE 
is the junction with the main line of two branches of the Atchison, 
Topeka, and .Santa Fe road, one east to Eldorado, and the other 
west through Marion Center to McPherson. The latter is being ex- 
tended to Lyons. At McPherson, in White's lake, is the finest 




duck shooting on the continent. The lake, formerly known as 
McPherson basin, is an immense slough, two by six miles in dimen- 
sion-,, tilled with grass which grows as tall as a man's head, and 
taller, and is the resort apparently for all the ducks in that part of 
the United States. There are literally "millions in it." No dogs 

are needed, although they can 

be used. The hunter wades 

^ through the lake, and shoots 

the game with such ease and ' 

. • ; : ' rapidity that it amounts to 

'\' slaughter. 
yStfli ' Florence has a population 
of about 1000, and it has the 
finesl hotel in the state, which 
V is used, also, as an eating 

*K house by the railway. For 

a railroad eating house it just- 
ly ranks as one of the best in the United States. There is one eating 




3o 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



station, said to be on the line of a Pacific road, where they serve 
chicken-soup for dinner. A cock once stood on a bluff overlooking 
a river near by, and crowed, and the waters of the stream are now 
served as the soup. The Florence hotel is not that kind ! 

NEWTON, 
the county seat of Harvey county, was organized in March, 1S72, 
and has a population of about 3500. It has two fine school build- 
ings, two good banks ; Methodist, Presbyterian, Baptist, Catholic, 
Evangelist, Episcopal, and Mennonite churches ; an opera house, 
two good grist mills, and two elevators' ; and there is now in course 
of erection an elegant $25,000 hotel and railway station combined. 
When the town was laid out, lots could be had from $25 to $100 
each. Now they are worth $75 to $2000 each. Three papers are 
published. A branch of the railway runs from there to Wichita, and 
thence two branches, one through Winfield to Arkansas City, and 
the other through Wellington to Caldwell. The two terminal points 
are on the border of the Indian territory, and when the latter is 
opened up the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe will be one of the 
first into it. This line is to be extended to the Mississippi river, 
opening up a new outlet for grain and beef to foreign ports via New 
Orleans, and a new market in Texas and other cotton states for corn, 
flour, dressed pork, vegetables and fruit. All these are, therefore, ex- 
cellent towns to settle in, but Newton is especially so, as it is des- 
tined to become one of the most important places in the interior of 
Kansas. A very large business is done there already every year. 
The Mennonites have large settlements in that county, and they are 
doing much to give it the good name it bears. They are a thrifty, 
industrious people, honorable, good neighbors, and good citizens. 
Their farms are models of excellent management. 

WICHITA, 
the county seat of Sedgwick count)', has a population of 6000, and 
possesses unusually handsome residences, good business blocks, and 
excellent water power. Three papers are published, and there are 
besides several schools and churches. An opera hall is under way, 
and is probably completed by this time. 

HUTCHINSON, 
tin county seat of Reno county, lias a population of 3000, and is 
possessed of a court house, fine stores, banks, churches, elevators, 
mills, and school-houses. 



KANSAS. 



31 



NICKERSON, 
Reno countv, was organ- 
ized in September, 1S7S, 
and where now stands a 
prosperous town of 1000 
inhabitants, the engineers, 
in laying it out a year 
and a half ago, had to cut 
the corn in the fields to 
survey it. That is the 
way towns spring up out 
there, and they remain 
after they have once 
started. Nickerson is the 
end of a division of the 
railway, and has the car 
repair shops, the division 
machine shops, and a 
round house, besides the 
higher advantages of 
schools and churches. It 
is also a great cattle ship- 
ing point. 

STERLING, 
in Rice county, was laid 
out in 1872, and was 
known as Peace until 
1876, when it was incor- 
porated as a city of the 
third class, and called 
Sterling. It is growing 
rapidly, and the citizens 
have great expectations 
for it. Thev say it is as 
large now as New York, 
only not yet built up! 
The place has a popula- 
tion of 2000, and is well 




3- 



WI-IERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 




STREET SCENE IN HUTCHINSON. 



supplied with stores, elevators, mills, banks, school-houses, and 
churches. 




-.^ 



SCHOOL-HOUSE, LINE OF THE A. T. & S. FE RAILWAY. 

GREAT BEND, 
the county seat of Barton county, has a population of 2000, a fine 
$25,000 court house, banks which lend money at eastern rates, 



KANSAS. 



33 



besides five or six grist mills, elevators, stores, schools, churches, 
and newspapers. Sandstone, good for building purposes, and 
gypsum are found in the county. The old military post, Fort 
Zarah, is just across the Arkansas river. Great Bend is coming to 
be quite a point for the slaughter of beef for market. 




COURT HOUSE, GREAT BEND. 



PAWNEE ROCK, 
between Great Bend and Larned, is a point interesting to the tour- 
ist, from the fact that many Indian battles have been fought near it. 
A large rock is covered with names cut in, among them being that 
of the late Gen. Robert E. Lee. It was engraved when Gen. Lee 
was a young man, just beginning his military career in the United 
States army. 



34 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



LARNED, 
the county seat of Pawnee county, is the center of the sheep interest 
in this part of Kansas, there being in the one county alone more 
than ten thousand head. The town is well built, and is surrounded 







CE.G«WJt.v- 




PAWNEE ROCK, KANSAS. 

by excellent farming and grazing country, which keeps both sheep 
and cattle, and raises 20 bushels of wheat to tbe acre. The popula- 
tion of tbe place is 1000. 

DODGE, 
the county seat of Ford County, is the headquarters of the cattle 
raisers, and is the last important town in Kansas, going west. The 



KANSAS. 



35 



population is 1500. Large numbers of cattle are shipped from 
there, and cattle are driven up from Texas for sale, so that it is a 




cattle market for those who wish to buy and go into the cattle rais- 
ing business themselves. It is also the outfitting point for camps 
and ranches. 



RAINFALL. 



A very important factor in the prosperity of Kansas is the rain- 
fall. The old geographies used to show Kansas, Nebraska, and 
eastern Colorado as the great American desert, and men yet 
remember the time when it was said that nothing could be 
raised west of the Missouri river. But that day has long since 
passed. In 1S66 Kansas was the twenty-fourth state in the Union 
in agricultural products; in 1S78, only twelve years later, it was 
first in zvhcat and fourth in corn. This amazing advance is due 
solely to the splendid fertility of its soil and the enterprise and 
industry of its people. The state is divided, meteorologically, into 
three sections, the eastern, middle, and western. The eastern belt 
is all that territory east of a line running north and south through 
Junction City. This city is at the confluence of the Republican and 
Kansas rivers, and is directly north of the center of population of 
1S7S. The western belt is all the territory lying west of Ellis 
county, and most of it is occupied by the unorganized counties. 
The middle belt is the territory lying between these two. There 
was a time, it is true, when rain was scarce west of the Missouri, 
and it is still scarce in the western belt. The reader should bear 



36 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



this in mind, and if he goes to Kansas, he should not go too far 
west. The eastern helt, and the southern portions of the eastern 
and middle belts especially, are the garden-spots of America, but in 
the western belt crops cannot be raised to advantage yet, because 
there is not sufficient rain. All the public land is taken up as far 
west as it can be tilled at present. It is much cheaper to buy rail- 
road land, \\ hich can be had at such, low prices and on such favor- 
able terms as to amount practically, in the end, to government pur- 
chase. And the buyer has the advantage then of being within the 
rain limits. The rain line, or the line running north and south, east 
of which sufficient rain falls every year for agricultural purposes, 
has moved west steadily, year by year, at the rate of about eighteen 
miles per annum, keeping just ahead and propelled by the advan- 
cing population. It is to the interest of the settler, therefore, to keep 
behind this line. 

The following is the summary of rainfall for 1879: 



Brits. 


^ 






V 

: 


> 
^ 




^ 




03 

s. 

"J 


O 
^ 



■-•. 






First, or eastern belt... 
Second, or middle belt- 
Third, or western belt. 


1.29 
1. 15 
■•78 


.78 
.26 
•23 


•39 

•'7 
•17 


4.14 

3 9 6 
2.09 


i-77 
i-37 
1.66 


7.09 
4-95 
3-29 


4 ' ) 1 
5-55 
462 


3-53 
-•3- 
2.42 


2.82 
113 

. 9 S 


3.01 

.78 
.16 


5-3' 
3-i2 
i-34 


2.50 

•51 
.oS 



It was formerly supposed that the one-hundredth meridian would 
be the iixed rain line, and that all country west of that woidd never 
lie devoted to agricultural purposes, but would be kept by nature 
lor stock-raising, for which it is splendidly adapted. Hut even this 
theory is now disappearing, for the rain line continues to move west, 
and as the preceding table shows rains fall even as far west as the 
Colorado line. 

Mr. II. R. Hilton, of Topeka, who has made this question a close 
stud)', said recently in a paper: 

What western Kansas now needs is a more general distribution of its rain- 
tall, and this ran lie accomplished by protecting the prairie grasses from fire, 
by cultivation of the soil, by tree-planting and by the spread of the taller grasses 
over the uncultivated area. This together with westward march of emigration 
incompact settlements, making improvements as they go, will accomplish the 



KANSAS. 37 

climatic change desired even to the west line of the state. The trouble of late 
years has been, that our frontier settlers have rushed west too fast, that they 
have scattered too much instead of sticking together and by their united efforts 
accomplishing what was so much needed. Nearly 50 miles of frontier were 
occupied by settler^ in 1S78, but not until all this territory is occupied by a 
denser settlement can the climate be seriously affected. 



ITS PRODUCTIONS AND INDUSTRIES. 

Of course Kansas is an agricultural state, and its productions are 
mostly of that character. Men are becoming rich there in all 
branches of farm life. Wheat, corn, cattle, sheep, horses, wool, 
tobacco, sorghum, rye, hogs, fruit, dairy articles, and the various 
seeds, are easily raised and marketed, but these are not all. The en- 
tire state from the Missouri river to the one-hundredth meridian is a 
bed of coal, stone, cement, and clay, and in one part of the state silk 
culture is making some headway. 

The practical farmer wants to know, of course, what the outcome 
for the past years has been, and this information is easily given. 
The total acreage of all crops since 1S60 has been: 



Year. Bushels. 

1877 5.595-304 

1S78 6,538,727 

1S79 7,769,926 



Year. Bushels. 

i860 271,663 

1865 273,903 

1870 ..1,322,734 

i8/5 ...4,749,000 

The corn crop varied in different years, and the agricultural re- 
port of 1875 &a ^' 't was not as sa ^ e a cro P as wheat, owing to the 
fact that the fall of rain was apt to occur when corn was most in 
danger. But in spite of all drawbacks the yield is enormous, of late 
years being as follows: 



Year. Bushels. 

1868 24,500,000 

1870 17,025,525 

1571 24,693,060 

1 572 46,667,45 1 

1873 v 29,683,843 



Year. Bushels. 

1S74 •••• 15.699,078 

1875 80,798,769 

1 577 98,900,000 

1578 89,324,971 

1579 108,704,927 



WHEAT. 
In the early years of the state the farmers took more to spring 
than to winter wheat, but of late the winter product has been the 
favorite. The growth has been as follows, the amounts being in 
bushels: 



3* 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



Year. Spring. Winter. 

1S70 , I.3H.5 22 1,076,676 

1872 SS 9 ,3 4 6 2,173,595 

1S73 M45> 66 ° 4-54 s .3S4 

TS74 3> OIO >777 6,870,606 

1875 3.163,287 10,046,116 

1876 2,881,817 11,738,408 

1877 3,516,410 10,800,295 

[878 5.796,403 26,518,955 

1879 2,990,677 17,560,259 

For the seven years (1S72-S), the average yield per acre of winter 
wheat was 16.66 bushels, and of spring wheat 12.70 bushels. The 
average yields for 1S79 were 11.55 bushels of winter, and 7.25 
bushels of spring wheat per acre. The increase of winter wheat in 
1S7S was remarkable, the ratio of grain being 34 per cent.; that is, 
in 1878 there was one-third more winter wheat than in 1877, and in 
1878 five times as many acres as in 1872. The winter wheat coun- 
ties lie almost entirely in the southwest; beginning at the northern 
and eastern border of Dickinson, it passes to Saline, and cross- ' 
ing through McPherson spreads both east and west, embracing 
Reno, Harvey, Butler, Sedgwick, Sumner, Cowley, and, skipping 
Chautauqua, ends with Montgomery. With the single exception of 
the latter-named county, the main belt is embraced in counties that 
adjoin, and one could readily ride over the entire area without leav- 
ing its confines. 

The following table shows the average comparative yield in 
bushels per acre of wheat and corn in Kansas, and in the seven 
older-settled states, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, 
Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri: 



Year. 



1S62 
1863 
1 864 
[865 
1 866 
1867 
1868 
1S69 
1870 
1 871 
1872 

»»73 



Wheat. 



Seven 
Kansas. states. 



21 
16 

15 

16.2 

16.6 

15-5 

18.5 

i.S 
15-9 
1 1.6 

14 



16.6 

'3-9 

12.9 

12.4 

1 1.6 

11. iS 

13.2 

14.9 

13-3 

14.8 
12.2 
1.3-7 



Corn. 



Kansas. 

40 
44 
25 
41.2 

34v 2 

3S.6 

iS 

48.4 

2S 

40 

3S.5 

39-i 



Seven 
states. 

37 

2S 

30-4 
36 

33-1 
29.6 

33-8 
2S.5 

35-4 

36.2 

37-9 
29S 



40 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

CORN. 

Kansas was In 1S66 the twenty-second state in rank in corn pro- 
duction, in 1876 the sixth, and in 1878 the fourth, the other three 
being Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri. In 1872 the corn acreage of the 
sixteen counties in the first corn belt was nearly 48 per cent, of the 
entire acreage of the state. In 1S77 it was 41 per cent, and in 1S78 
41^ per cent., while of the decrease in the state 40 per cent, of it 
was in the same counties. The second belt, taking in counties hav- 
ing an acreage exceeding 40,000 and less than 50,000, is also largely 
confined to the eastern and central portions of the state, the no. iMe 
exceptions being Jewell in the northwest and Sumner and Cowley 
in the southwest. In the twelve counties constituting the second 
belt, Wilson, in the south, ranks first; Douglas in the east, second; 




KANSAS CORN. 



Cowley in the southwest, third ; Osage, central, fourth ; Leavenworth, 
east, fifth; Allen, southeast, sixth; Jackson and Pottawatomie in the 
northeast, seventh and eighth respectively ; Sumner, southwest, ninth ; 
Jewell, northwest, tenth; Atchison, northeast, eleventh.; and Lyon, 
central, twelfth. These counties have an aggregate acreage of 536,- 
829 to 577,432, thus showing but a little over 25 per cent, of the 
decrease of the state. The third belt, 30,000 and less than 40,000 
acres, commences in the south at Chautauqua, skips Elk, and then 
takes in Greenwood and Coffey, makes a new start at Reno in the 
southwest, and extending through McPherson, Dickinson, Clay and 
Cloud, embraces the four counties, on the northwestern border, of 
Republic, Washington, Marshall and Nemaha. These counties of 



KANSAS. 



4* 



the third belt, have 418,011 acres in corn this year to 502,881 acres 
last year, 52,841 acres of the decrease being in Washington county 
alone. 

The following table shows the number of acres, and the amount 
and value of each product of principal crops of the farm for 1S79: 



Products. 

Winter wheat, bu 

Rye, bu 

Spring wheat, bu 

Corn, bu 

Barley, bu 

Oats, bu 

Buckwheat, bu 

Irish potatoes, bu 

Sweet potatoes, bu 

Sorghum, galls 

Castor beans, bu 

Cotton, lbs. 

Flax, bu 

Hemp, lb« 

Tobacco, lbs 

Broom-corn, lbs 

Millet and Hungarian, t- n 
Timothy, meadow, tons. . . 

Clover, meadow, tons 

Prairie, meadow, tons 

Timothy, pasture, acres. . . 

Clover, pasture, acres 

Blue-grass, pasture, acres. 
Prairie, pasture, acres 

Total 



Acres. 



1,520,659.00 

^ 43,675.00 

142,139.00 

2,995,070.00 

45,851 00 

573,982.00 

2,817.00 

62,601.00 

2,728.21 

23,664.86 

68,179.0 

I97-5S 

69,383-17 
606.39 

752 37 

i4, 2 73-i5 

174,890.00 

S7,48i-i3 

14,769.83 
672,994.00 

14,212.38 
7,007.30 

36,166.82 
955,826.00 



7,769,926.26 



Product. 



17,560,259.000 

660,409 00 

2,990,677.00 

108,704,927.00 

720,092.00 

13,326,637.00 

41,306.40 

3,324,129.09 

197,407.20 

2,721,458.97 

766,143.30 

33,588.62 

622,256.00 

5-57,878.8 

556,753-8o 

8,095,145.28 

494,962.00 

86,884,98 

25.822,90 

943,653.60 



Value of product. 



116,087,403 69 

264,163 60 

2,361,307 45 

26,562,674 46 

360,046 00 

3,397,416,33 

37,175 S4 

2 ,!77,5 6 4 55 

197,407 29 

1,224,656 57 

766,143 37 

3,023 06 

622,256 02 

33,472 72 

55,675 3S 

283,330 15 

2,042,275 75 

483,812 15 

152,503 92 
3,017,472 43 



$60,129,780 73 



WHERE TO GO. 

As all the public lands of any value within the rain lands are taken 
up, the immigrant should purchase from the railway companies, but 
the prices asked for lands are low, long time is given, and in the end 
it is better than if a man took government land in a wilderness in 
some other state and waited for the railroad to reach him. The 
winter wheat counties, which are of course the best counties in the 
state, are in the south central, or the southwestern part of the state, 
in what is known as the Arkansas valley, the valley of the Arkansas 



42 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

river, extending through the state a hundred miles long, and from 
thirty to fifty miles wide. The soil is a dark, sandy loam, rich in the 
mineral elements so necessary to good wheat. The water is free 
from alkali, and besides being plentiful in streams, it can be reached 
h\ sinking wells fifteen to fifty feet. A windmill, costing $150 com- 
plete, will raise all the water one farmer will want. This country is 
adjacent to the railway, and producers find quick and cheap trans- 
portation for their crops. 

Of all the crops raised in the seventy organized counties of the 
state, one-fourth are in the twelve counties bordering on this river, 
viz., Harvey, McPherson, Sedgwick, Butler, Cowley, Sumner, Reno, 
Rice, Barton, Pawnee, Rush and Edwards. 



ADVICE TO THOSE PROPOSING TO GO. 

If you have no money, it will hardly be advisable for you to leave 
the more thickly settled and the fully organized cast, for Kansas is 
a new state, and it requires some money to get through the first two 
years. If you have $1,000 or more, however, you can safely start. 
It is better if you have $3,000, or even more. But $3,000 will make 1 
an excellent beginning. 

Write to A. S.Johnson, Topeka, and ask him to furnish you any 
information that you need. He is land commissioner of the Atch- 
ison, Topeka, and Santa Fe road; he surveyed the lands, and knows 
every foot of them; and whatever he tells .you, you can implicitly 
rely on. He will tell you of the disadvantages and drawbacks as 
well as of the advantages, and inform you of what you must guard 
against and provide for, as readily as what you may hope for. In 
short, he will tell you the facts exactly as they are. Decide where 
you will go; make up your mind fully to that, and avoid the land 
agents and other sharks who seize upon you in the railway stations in 
Kansas City and other points, and torment you to look at their maps 
and schemes. Follow your plan as laid down. Go and select your 
lands, and get ready to move. In the early part of the year immi- 
gration is light, and you can take your family with you, but if you 
go in the summer you had better precede your family a few weeks 
and get a place ready for them. In the summer towns are so 



KANSAS. 



43 



crowded that accommodations are with difficulty procured. If a man 
has $1,000 arriving in Kansas he can purchase 160 acres of land from 
the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe railway, on the six-year plan, 
by paying down $150, and his other necessary expenses will run, 
house building, $250; team and harness, $180; breaking plow, $22; 
harrow $10; cow, $30; interest payment on land one year from pur- 
chase, $35; total, $677. This will leave him $323 for seed and to 
carry him through till the crop can be raised. Men have come with 
even less than $1,000 and got along nicely. The cost of agricultural 
implements, and provisions, clothing, etc., is but little higher than in 
the east, but rents are high, so he had better build a small house, as 
indicated. 




" I was raised in Southwest Kansas, on the line of the A. T. & S. Fe railway.' 




STOCK-RAISING. 



One of the greatest industries of the "west is 
stock-raising, but as it pertains to Kansas, 
New Mexico, and Colorado alike, a separate 
chapter has been reserved for it. The busi- 
ness is, like farming, one of the staple pursuits 
of the world, and one upon which all wealth 
is based. It is pleasant, profitable, and easy, and success is almost 
certain with any man who will pursue it intelligently. 

SHEEP IN KANSAS. 

Sheep can be raised to advantage in the Cottonwood valley, which 
includes Chase, Marion, and Morris counties, and in south central 
Kansas, but the best district is the third, or western belt. In Paw- 
nee county there are flocks as follows : G. H. Wadsworth, 2200; S. 
G. Wright, 2000 ; Ball & Worrall, 800 ; Jacob Bowman, 700. In 
Edwards county there are, J. Rider, 1300 ; H. L. Morton, ^00 ; 
Robert McCanse, 1000. In Barton county, C. Fry has a flock of 
1500. In Stafford county, Joshua Smith has 600, Mr. Towsley 600, 
and Mr Hall 500. In Pratt county, Mr. McMillian has 800, and Mr. 
Chandler 2000. Nature seems to have provided this western belt 
especially for stock-raising. There are fine summer and winter 
grasses, pure and healthy atmosphere, short and dry winters, plenty of 

(45) 



4 6 



WHEKK TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



good water, and thorough drainage. If a man have but a small cap- 
ital it is better to buy one hundred and sixty acres of land to begin 
with, fur his home and ranche, and work up from that. Such land 




can be had at $1.50 to $2, $2.75, and $5 per acre, according to loca- 
tion. Further hack from the railroad, he can find all the free range 
that he wants. Wheat-growing can be profitably combined with the 
business of wool-growingr in that section of the state. 




The Spanish merino are the best sheep for western Kansas. 
They can be bought in Michigan, Wisconsin, or Iowa, and delivered 
in Kansas for $3 per head. Thoroughbred bucks will cost $40 
to $50 each. If a man have $5,000 to start with, he may 
figure as follows: The first step necessary will be to secure a farm. 
The first payment on 160 acres of good land at, sav four dollars per 
acre, on six years' time, will be $144; a house will cost, say 
$500; team, wagons, farm implements, etc., $600; total, $1,244. 
By combining wheat-growing with the sheep business enough 
can be realized, from the farm to pay for it and support the family. 



STOCK-RAISING. 



47 



This leaves a balance of $3,756 to invest in the sheep business, 
which would be expended as follows: 

INVESTMENT. 

800 grade Merino ewes, at $3 $2,400 

8 pedigreed Merino bucks, $40 320 

Corrals and sheds for 1,000 sheep 250 

Windmill, well and watering troughs 125 



Total $3>°95 



EXPENSES. 

Hay $ 70 

Corn 150 

Shearing and other expenses. . 300 

Shepherd, one year 300 



Total. 



RECEIPTS. 

By 640 lambs, at $3.00 $1,920 

By wool, 4,800 lbs., at 25c 1,200 



Total $3,120 

Less expenses, 820 



Net profit, one year. . . .$2,300 
This gives a net profit of 74 per cent, on the sheep investment. 
Everything is figured at outside prices. A handy farmer can put 
up sheep-sheds himself that will cost less than $100, and half the 
items charged to expenses he can do himself or produce on his farm 
without any actual outlay of money. The increase in the flock is 
estimated at So per cent, only, so as to leave a wide margin for 
losses or mishaps. Good sheep men in southwest Kansas average 
90 to 95 per cent, increase, and the figures quoted in this statement 
have been repeatedly exceeded by them. 



CATTLE-RAISING IN KANSAS. 

Cattle-raising is as profitable as sheep-raising, the only difference 
being the returns are not so quick; but neither are the risks or losses 
so many. In the eastern part of the state raising beef is one of the 
most profitable branches of farming. Chase county is well adapted 
to this, and a man with $3,000 can do well there. His expendi- 
tures will be, first payment on three hundred and twenty acres of 
land, $300; house, teams, and winter sheds for fifty or one hun- 
dred head of stock, $800; fifty head of two-year-old heifers, 
$900; two graded Durham bulls, $200; incidental expenses ,$400; 
leaving a balance of $350 or $400 for emergencies. All the neces- 
saries for home consumption can be raised on the farm. The in- 
crease should be 80 per cent, a year, and by adding young heifers 
to the breeding stock when two-year-olds, the increase at the end of 



4* 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 




five years would be- 
about two hundred 
a n d f o r t y-e i g h t, 
which, with the ori- 
ginal herd would be 
worth at least $6,000. 
The number of breed- 
ers might be limited 
to fifty, and the in- 
crease sold, and there 
would be in the fifth 
and succeeding years, 
forty four - year - olds 
yearly, worth $50 
each at least, mak- 
ing an annual income 
of $2,000 from this 
source alone. The 
business in the Cot- 
tonwood valley can be 
made to pay 33^ per 
cent. 

The western part 
of the state is, how- 
ever, the great cattle 
district. The cattle 
are bought at Dodge 
City, which is the 
great cattle market, 
or they can be pur- 
chased in Texas and 
driven up. The de- 
tails of prices, etc., 
are given below, in 
the article on cattle- 
raising in New Mex- 
: do. 



STOCK-RAISING. 



49 




There is in operation in 
Kansas an excellent stat- 
ute, known as the " herd 
law," which, in the coun- 
ties where it is enforced, 
enables the farmer to cul- 
tivate the soil without 
protecting his crops with 
a fence. It compels the 
stock-raiser to herd his 
stock, making him liable 
for all damage it may do 
to the fenced or unfenced 
crop of his neighbor. It water tank, a. t. & s. fe railway. 

is a law passed in the interest of those engaged in raising grain, 
and it operates particularly against those who, having some stock, 
are not extensively engaged in the business. If a farmer has a 
large herd of cattle he can afford to hire them herded; if he has 
but a few he can not. The consequence is that in the " herd-law 
counties" the small farmer keeps but a cow or so for the use of his 
family. What he does keep he is compelled to keep shut up, or 
" lariated out." Being unable to keep his calves, he is compelled 
to sell them to the stock-raiser. 

The law is in force generally in the western part of the state. 
Those counties in the southeastern part of the state which have the 
law — viz., Crawford, Cherokee, Labette, Neosho, and Montgomery 
— are particularly adapted to grain-raising. 

The stock-raising interest predominates in those counties where 
the law does not exist. Here the farmer can combine the profitable 
business of stock-raising with his farming. The extensive stock- 
raiser has no advantage here. The unimproved lands are free to 
all for grazing purposes. The poor man's cow or the rich man's 
herd bas equal and free access to the rich, nutritious grass that an- 
nually covers the fertile prairies. 



5° 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



SHEEP IN COLORADO AND NEW MEXICO. 

Southern Colorado and New Mexico are splendidly adapted by 
nature to sheep-raising. Forty thousand square miles, of which 
Trinidad is the center, are given up to this business, while tens of 
thousands of square miles more towards the south also have the 
same use. Within the 40,000 square miles referred to there are 
probably a million and a half of sheep. The range of mountains 
is the western boundary of the sheep ranges. There is always 
plenty of water in summer, even when it is dry north and south of 
the range. Grammar grass is used, and is excellent food, as it cures 
itself, and is as good as hay. The sheep are not put up in the 
winter. In the northern part of Colorado, even as low down as 
Colorado Springs, sheep have to be fed in winter, but such is not 
the case south of the Arkansas river. 

The old original stock is of Mexican or Chihuahua sheep, but 
now they are all graded with the merino. Cotswolds have been 
tried, but they are not popular, as they cannot. feed themselves; and 
in large bands they fall away and die. Merinos are the best sheep 
for that country. 

Sheep can be had on the spot from $1.50 to $2.50 per head that 
will shear from 1 J^ to 2 y 2 pounds of wool. Sheep whose fleeces will 
average 5 pounds cost from $3 to $5. One ram should be used with 
every 50 sheep. Rams cost $6 to $225, and average $25 each. 
American wool-growers buy bucks in Vermont; the Mexicans buy 
of the Americans, on the ground, western-bred bucks. One thousand 
sheep make a good flock. One herder can, however, herd 2500 
sheep. No dogs are used. They frighten the sheep, and run them 
two or three miles oftentimes. The pay of a herder is $15 per 
month and board. The ewes lamb May 1st, and in buying a flock you 
generally have to count the lambs as sheep, whether they are yet born 
or not. Shearing begins' about June 1st, and again about Oct. 10th. 
The Mexican sheepaverage \y 2 to 3 J^ - pounds of wool; the Ameri- 
can sheep, 5 pounds. The fleeces of the latter range from 21^ to 15 
pounds, but an average of 5 pounds does well. The American 
rams fleece about fifteen or twenty pounds of wool. In lambing, about 
two-thirds of the Mexican sheep have twins, and the others one each. 
The merinos will, in ten cases out of a hundred, have twins, and in 



STOCK-RAISING. 



51 



ninety cases single lambs. The barren ewes run about five in a hund- 
red. In an American flock, well managed, 90 per cent, of the lambs 
can be raised. Born in May, if they live through the winter they 
are all right. 

The American wool is worth from two to five cents per pound 
more than the Mexican. The former is used for clothing, and the 
latter for carpets, government blankets, etc. 

In a flock of 2500, the ewes can be kept for fifty cents a head, and 
the wethers at twenty-five cents per year. Flocks of a thousand 
can be run cheaper. An estimate can easily be made from these 
figures of what a flock will produce in a year : 

EXPENSES. 

1,500 ewes @ 50 cents each „ „ $750.00 

1,000 wethers @ 25 cents each „ 250.00 

30 bucks @ 2 5 cents each 7.50 

» 

$1,007.50 

RECEIPTS. 

2,500 fleeces, 5 lbs each, 25 cents per lb $3,125.00 

30 buck fleeces, 15 lbs each, 25 cents per lb 1 12.00 

$3, 2 37-°o 
Profit $2,229.50 

This does not include of course the cost of the sheep on the side of 
expense, nor the increase on the side of profit. The price of wool is 
put at twenty-five cents. It has been as low as fifteen cents, but is 
now worth thirty. . 

A favorite way with wool-growers in New Mexico is to own the 
sheep and let them out on shares. The same thing is done in Kansas. 
There are two plans in common use : 

In the first, the owner lets them on the " half and half" principle; 
that is, the owner gets half the wool and half the increase, and the 
lessee pays all the expenses. In this case of course the lessee must 
have some money to begin with, and to handle a flock of 1000 head 
he ought to have $1000. The sheep ought always to go in a pen at 
night. The lessee has a herder, and the herder takes care of the 
sheep, while the lessee stays in the camp and looks after things 
there. He sometimes has his family with him. The other way is 
the 33^ per cent, plan." The lessee gets half the wool, and the 
principal gets half; and the lessee guarantees to the principal an in- 



52 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



crease of 33 3/3 per cent, on every 100 head, and all the wool from the 
33 Vl P er cent ' The second year the lessee pays 33^ per cent, on 
the 100 head, and not on the 100 plus the 33^ per cent. All above 
the 331^ per cent, goes to the lessee. The lessee pays the expenses, 
In this way the flock doubles to the principal every three years. 
For example, suppose A leases to B 1000 head of sheep. The first 
year B gives to A 500 fleeces ; the second year 8331^ fleeces; the 
third year 11662^ fleeces ; and the fourth year 2000 fleeces and 200c 
head of sheep, and B keeps the remainder. 

The cost of shearing is three cents per head, and a man can sheai 
from twenty-five to sixty a day; on an average, forty. When lambs 
are dropped, boys have to be hired to take care of them for eight or 
ten days till they can care for themselves. Suppose a man comes 
from the east, and starts in the business ; during the first year his ex- 
penses will be about as follows : 

EXPENSES. 

1,000 sheep @ $4 $4,000.00 

20 bucks @ $25 500.00 

1 herder 300.00 

Boy to attend to lambs - 42.00 

Shearing 500.00 

$5,342.00 

REVENUES. 

5,000 lbs wool @ 25 cents $1,250.00 

300 lbs buck's wool @ 25 cents 75-°° 

Increase 1,000 @ $1 1,000.00 

$2,325.00 
His revenue the first year will pay nearly one-half, and will easily 
pay one-third the cost of starting in business, and what his profits 
will be in succeeding years, the preceding table shows. 



CATTLE IN NEW MEXICO AND COLORADO. 

Southern Colorado and New Mexico form one of the greatest cat- 
tle-growing districts in the world. The principal ranges — range 
means simply territory over which the cattle feed — -are the Trinchera, 
and the Cariso, Red river, the Cimarron, and the Canadian rivers. 
This country lies chiefly in the San Juan country in Colorado, and 
in Colfax, Lincoln, San Miguel, and Rio Arriba counties in New 
Mexico. The southern part of New Mexico, in the vicinity of 



STOCK-RAISING. 53 

Albuquerque and below, is devoted mostly to sheep. In the country 
named there are at least 250,000 head of cattle, divided as follows : 
On the Canadian and Red rivers, 100,000; on the dry Cimarron, 
75,000; on the Cariso and the Trinchera, 20,000; between 
the Cariso and the Arkansas, 30,000; and between Pueblo 
and Picket Ware canon, 25,000. The division by owners is about as 
follows: On the Cimarron, Hall Brothers have about 16,000 head; 
Dr. Owens, 5,000; Samuel Doss, 5,000; Daniel Taylor, 5,000; 
Towers & Gudgel, 10,000; Mr. Burnett, 8,000. On the Cariso, 
Weaver & Roberts have 4,000 head; W. T. Burns, 1,000; and 
"Doc" Roberts, 1,000. Between the Cariso and the Arkansas, 
Jones Brothers have 25,000. On the Trinchera, George W. Thomp- 
son has 4,000 ; James Wilcox, 4,000; Henry George, 1,000. On 
the west side of Picket Ware, or Los Animas river, Fletcher Bros. 
& Co. have 4,000, and Sparks & Holmes 3,000. 

Cattle are not let much on shares now, and if a man contemplates 
going into the business he will need some money to start with. He 
must first select his ranche. The country is now becoming so well 
settled that he can either buy some one out, or he can start in by 
purchasing cattle and letting them range on the public domain. He 
must put up houses to keep himself and his food and horses in. He 
can erect them on a quarter-section of land purchased from the gov- 
ernment, or he can " squat." His ranche must be near water, how- 
ever. 

He can buy Texas cattle either in Texas or at Fort Dodge, and 
drive them over. He must first select his brand and have it record- 
ed, taking care not to have one like any other person's. He can 
obtain, by writing to each county, all the brands in use; or they 
are frequently to be had in published collections. When he buys 
his cattle he puts his brand on each one, and then drives them to his 
ranche. Texas cattle cost from $12 to $13 each, and by crossing 
them with thoroughbred bulls, a good grade can be produced. Bulls 
cost about $100, ranging from $60 to $300. The law requires one 
bull to every twenty-five cows, but it ought to be one to every 
twenty. 

If he can afford it, the raiser should purchase American cattle, 
that is, cattle that have already been graded up. He can get them on 
any ranche, and they will pay better. They cost from $12 to $18 
each in large lots, mixed grades; and this price includes spring calves. 



54 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

When he has reached his ranche he allows his cattle to range at 
will anywhere within fifteen or twenty miles. A herder goes with 
every 500 to 1,000 cattle to drive them back when they range beyond 
this distance. They are " rounding-up" all the time, therefore, from 
May 1st to December 1st. Each herder has eight horses, when the 
large semi-annual " round-up" occurs, and one wagon and one cook 
goes with every fifteen men. The herders get $20 to $30 per 
month and their board. They are furnished with horses but furnish 
their own equipage. The horses feed on grass. 

The cattle range over the country, and become mixed up with 
cattle from other ranches. Whenever a calf is born the herder 
catches and brands it. Twice a year there is a general " round-up," 
when the owners separate and claim their animals. Each owner furn- 
isher one man, so as to be represented. The cattle are then prepared 
for market, and driven north for fattening, or sold on the spot. 
Steers sell for $20 to $30. A good part of northern New Mexico, 
and a small part of southern Colorado are taken up with private 
land grants. The kings of .Spain, and the governors of Mexico, be^ 
fore the war between the United States and Mexico, used to give 
their friends and favorites " grants " of land, by which the grantee 
acquired the right to its use. This will be treated of more at length 
further on. When the United States conquered that territory they 
agreed to sustain the owners of grants in all the rights which the 
grants conferred on them. The grantees have, up to within the past 
year, made little or no demand for pasturage of cattle or for other 
use of their land, as by miners, but now they are beginning 
to make such demands, and they are telling the cattle men that 
the latter must pay rent or move. As a consequence many cattle 
are being driven to public lands. Where these are will be indicated 
by the map of New Mexico, showing also the grants. The cattle men 
of New Mexico need, in the opinion of some of the most prominent 
of them, a "lease law," that is, a law allowing each cattle man to 
take up land and fencing it in, confine his stock in bounds, and thus 
do away with the frequent " round-ups," which are harassing and 
fat-destroying to all stock. These " round-ups " make cattle wild, 
lean and difficult to manage, and do much to neutralize the advan- 
tages of grazing land and a mild climate which New Mexico gives. 
With a " lease law " this driving about of cattle would be done away 



STOCK-RAISING. 



55 



with; and owners of cattle would have to "round-up" their stock only 
once or twice each year, making by this lack of disturbance, the 
yearly increase larger, and the condition better. 





NEW MEXICO 



The traveler bound for New Mexico will turn, on the Atchison, 
Topeka, and Santa Fe road, at La Junta. The first point of interest 
to which he comes is 

TRINIDAD. 

Although this is in Colorado, we will refer to it here, as it comes 
at this point in the journey. It is the county seat of Los Animas 
county, and has 2500 inhabitants, of whom nine-tenths are Ameri- 
cans. It is one of the most prominent cities in the southwest. It 
lies just at the foot of the Rocky mountains, and the beautiful 
Spanish peaks are, from a good location, in fine view. It was first 
settled in 1S61, but the town elates back only to 1865. It has stone, 
brick and frame stores, and good residences; one hundred new brick 
residences are about to be erected. It does an immense business 
with the sheep men in the districts, and is the place where new wool- 
growers, going in, can stock up. A fine school-house, abQiit to be 
erected, will cost $25,000, and a $25,000 court-house is started. It 
has a daily and several weekly papers, two banks, three grist mills, — 
two water and one steam — two planing mills, excellent water-works 
with pump and reservoir three hundred and ten feet above the river; 
j anel gas works are to be erected soon. Its fire department is very effi- 
cient, Two brick yards are not sufficient to supply all the brick 

(57) 



53 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



wanted. Building stone is found near by in large quantities. The 
Presbyterians, Methodists, and Catholics have church buildings, and 
the Baptists and Episcopalians hold occasional services. Coal is 
very abundant, and ag-g£^||B^^large business is done 
in supplying the^^gj . - X^^town and 'the 

railroad. I™n .jjj ^^ is known tQ 

exist ™jt_ S^excellent 

the / \ '• 

iron 




in 

tities, makes 
excellent pot- 
tery, and red 
ochre is abun- Raton mountains. 

dant. Copper is found in the neighborhood, and so are silver carbon- 
ates, although no efforts have yet been made to work the*. There 
are very plain indications of petroleum in the vicinity. Good sul- 
phur spring* are located with in three miles of town. Lots which 



NEW MEXICO. 59 

a few years ago were -worth $5 a front foot are now worth as high 
as $200. A woolen mill would pay well there. 

Leaving Trinidad, the train enters the mountains, going up the 
Raton pass to the tunnel, which is sixteen miles from Trinidad. 
This tunnel is two thousand feet long, and is cut through the moun- 
tain, allowing the train to go in a direct line instead of by a " switch 
back," as formerly. You are in Colorado when you enter the cut, 
and in New Mexico when you come out. This tunnel is on the 
famous Maxwell grant and is the gateway to New Mexico. On 
both sides of the road you see coal mines in abundance, from which 
coal is delivered at 80 cents per ton on the cars. The scenery along 
there is magnificent, rivaling in some places the canon of the Arkan- 
sas and the Garden of the Gods. A ride of several hours brings 
you to 

LAS VEGAS. 

This celebrated city consists really of two towns, situated in a 
plateau, and surrounded by mountains. The " old town," the 
original Las Vegas, is half a mile from the other, and consists of 
adobe houses built around a plaza in true Spanish or Mexican style. 
The new town is of frame houses, and was caused by the railroad. 
It will probably be the more important of the two in time. Las 
Vegas is a good business place, being a heavy trading point for 
cattle and sheep men, and for miners in the famous White Oaks and 
other districts. 

The mineral prospects of Las Vegas are good. A copper mine 
has been discovered about fifty-five miles southwest, and west of the 
city near Aqua Sarca some new indications are showing up well. 
Other discoveries are also being made west. 

THE STAGES. 

Stages leave Las Vegas for Las Cruces, going via Anton Chico, 
Gallinas Springs, Santa Rosa, Puerto de Luna, Fort Sumner, Rose- 
well, Lincoln, Fort Stanton, South Fork, and Tularosa. 

The fare to Las Cruces is $44, and the way fare is ten cents, a 
mile. Stages leave daily also for Vinita, going by La Licndre, 
Chaperito, Gallinas, Cabra, La Cinta, San Hilario, and Fort Bas- 
com. From Fort Bascom a daily sta^e leaves for Fort Elliott. 



60 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

HERMIT MOUNTAIN. 
West of Las Vegas, to the north and northwest, projects out from 
the main range of the mountains an irregular line of hills, and over 
and above these rises a gray, precipitous dome of rock, known as 
Hermit mountain, the "El Solitario" of the Mexicans. It is so called 
from the fact that a hermit once lived on the top of it, never coming 
down, subsisting on what he could pick up, and what the people 
brought him. There was a spring of water on the mountain, and a 
cave, and with these resources he lived for years. 

THE PENITENTES. 

On the way from Las Vegas to the springs the tourist will see on 
top of a hill to the left of the road a cross standing boldly out against 
the sky. It is of wood, rude in its structure, but has a singular 
mission, in that it is the point to which the members of the secret 
order of Penitentes, crawl during Passion week. They have a 
town further out on the road toward the springs. The first house 
in it, on the left hand side of the road going, — a one-story adobe 
house, with a low door in front, and no windows — is the council 
house in which the secret meetings of the order are held. 

These people are a branch of the Roman Catholics. They are 
excomunicated, and are not recognized by the Catholic priests, but 
they nevertheless cling to the borders of the church, and claim to 
be true Christians, and the really only true ones. They are scattered 
all over New and Old Mexico, Arizona, and in fact south of 
the Arkansas river. They live in towns apart, and deport 
themselves pretty much as other people do, but during Passion 
week, the week preceding Lent, they are very cruel, lashing 
and torturing themselves and one another till the blood streams 
from them; and in the Las Vegas settlement, they crawl from 
the town over the stony road, up the mountain, to the foot of 
the cross already spoken of, whipping themselves, and uttering fear- 
ful cries and lamentations. They are believed to be an offshoot from 
the Franciscan order of monks, which was early in New Mexico, 
and whose ceremonies closely resemble those of the Penitentes. 

As the reader knows, the society of Franciscans was founded by 
Francis Assisium, now a saint in the Roman Catholic church, more 
than six hundred years ago, and its members arc now found all over 
the world. It has withri it three orders; first, those who are of the 



NEW MEXICO. 6l 

priesthood, and say mass daily before breakfast, confessing to one 
another; second, those laymen who have taken the three common 
vows entered into by every priest, of obedience, poverty and chastity, 
use the gown and follow the same fasting and penances, but do 
not say mass, and are made up commonly of illiterate men; and third, 
those persons of both sexes, whose meetings are separate and who 
live outside of the convent and follow the common avocations of life, 
the special obligation being to confess themselves often, generally 
once a month. Its technical name is, "The third order of the sera- 
phic Father Saint Francis Assisium." 

All three of the orders use the lash or discipline during Lent; those 
of the first and second orders, living in cloisters and being under 
more severe discipline, use it more frequently. 

The belief is that the Penitentes are an offshoot of the third order, 
although the line of connection cannot be traced and the church 
disowns them. The fact that the Franciscans have been in this part 
of the country for centuries, so that such an order might have grown 
out of them, and that the ceremonies of the two orders are alike in 
so many points, has given rise to the belief stated. 



THE HOT SPRINGS OF LAS VEGAS. 

Las Vegas is chiefly noted, however, for its hot springs, which 
seem destined to rival the most famous health resorts of the world. 
They are six miles from the town, and are reached by a splendid 
road ; they are situated in a basin of the mountains, and are in the 
center of grand scenery. 

As far back as tradition goes the springs have been known for their 
curative properties. The Indians and Mexicans frequented them, 
and their reputation was fully established long before the Americans 
came in. About thirty years ago that portion of a large Spanish 
land-grant fell to an American by the name of Donaldson. He 
erected one or two little bath houses and built a small adobe one- 
story house, to be used as a hotel, and which is still standing. Mr. A. 
Dold, now of New York, but then of Las Vegas, bought the springs 
of Donaldson, but did little or nothing to develop them or enhance 
their value. After the rebellion, a United States post was established 
there, and it was then that they began to obtain some foreign notice. 



NEW MEXICO. 63 

However, it was not until they fell into the hands of the Hot Springs 
Company, an association of wealthy eastern gentlemen, last Sep- 
tember, that the outside world began to hear of their existence. 

This company paid $42,000 for the springs and one hundred acres 
of land surrounding them, and since then it has expended $75,000 in 
improvements. Near the mouth of the Canon Rio Gillinas, on the 
bank of the river of the same name, the company erected a very 
pretty stone hotel with all modern improvements calculated to make 
it convenient and comfortable for guests. It is three stories high, 
with porticos running the entire length of the front on each story, 
and can accommodate from seventy-five to one hundred guests. On 
the first floor is the pleasant office, reading room, bar and billiard 
room, large dining room, wash closets and several sleeping apart- 
ments ; besides the kitchen and laundry. The second floor has the 
parlor and some quite handsome suites of rooms. The third story is 
occupied entirely for sleeping rooms. The hotel is under excellent 
management, and the guests are as well cared for as if they were in 
New York or Chicago. Some fine additions are also to be made to 
it, making the total cost about $100,000. Across the river is the bath 
house, connected with the hotel by a bridge. This house was re- 
cently burned, but is undergoing reconstruction, and will probably 
be done by the time this book is published. It will be like its pre- 
decessor, complete in its details. It will be of stone, 200 feet long 
and 42 feet wide, and will have in the basement twenty-three tubs in 
the gentlemen's department and 14 in the ladies'. The latter will be 
separate from the former. There will also be shampooing, vapor, 
and cooling rooms, with dressing rooms and closets adjacent, an elec- 
tro-vapor bath room, and rooms for medicated baths. The ladies' side 
will be further provided with a parlor and laundry. On the main 
floor will be the office, ladies' and gentlemen's "waiting rooms, five 
rooms for attending physicians, a drug store, barber shops for both 
sexes, and the superintendent's apartments. A wide veranda runs 
about the exterior of the building. Five hundred baths per day can 
be given there. 

Back of the house, and on the hills are the twenty-two springs, 
sending forth their boiling water, which have made the place so 
famous. Only eleven of them are so far in use. How deep they 
are no one knows, but the water comes out of them with a temper- 
ature of 110 to 140 , and an egg placed in it is soon cooked. The 



64 where to go to become rich. 

water is clear and generally tasteless, although some of the springs 
have a slight taste of sulphuric acid. An analysis, made by Prof. 
Hayden, shows the elements of the springs to be: 

Constituents. Spring No. i. No. 2. No. 3. 

.Sodium carbonate 1.72 1.17 5.00 

Calcium carbonate, ) Io8 Io6 

Magnesium carbonate ) ° ^ J 

Sodium sulphate 14.12 15.43 x 6-2i 

Sodium chloride 27.26 24.37 2 7-34 

Potassium Trace. Trace. Trace. 

Lithium Strong trace. Strong trace. Strong trace. 

Silicic acid 104 Trace. 2.51 

Iodine Trace. Trace. Trace. 

Bromine Trace. Trace. Trace 

Temperature 130° F. 123 ° F. 123° F. 

What makes the waters hot no one has been able to tell. Some 
claim it is the effect of chemical combustion, but the most plausible 
theory, which is maintained by many, is that during .some volcanic 
eruptions, of which there is such great evidence in this vicinity, 
that the rocks beneath the earth became so hot as to give the waters 
the temperature they have on reaching the surface. Like other hot 
springs, the waters do not retain their virtue when bottled and trans- 
ported, and patients to be benefited, must go to the springs them- 
selves. 

The proprietors do not pretend that the springs are a " cure-all;" on 
the other hand, they say that some diseases cannot be affected by a 
use of the water, however persistent. But they do assert that the 
springs are beneficial in cases of rheumatism, gout, stiff joints, skin 
diseases as a class, scrofula, ulcerations and enlargements of the 
glands, general physical debility, mental exhaustion, spinal diseases, 
sciatica, lumbago, paralysis, St. Vitus' dance, and all neuralgious or 
nervous affections, catarrh, or ozaena in all forms, dyspepsia, early 
stages of Bright's disease, diabetes, goitre, specific locamotor ataxy, 
spurious vaccination and all blood poisons, uterine diseases as a class, 
tally sterility and climatic ills, alcoholism and the use and abuse 
of opiates, syphilis, mercurial syphilis, and all. types of mercurial 
ills, together with such chronic diseases, wherever alterative and 
eliminative agency affords relief. 

One thing is certain, worn-out humanity will invariably find a relief 
h\ coming here. The change alone of location, of altitude, of scenery, 
and air will benefit anyone suffering from too long continued appli- 



ViiSSOURf PACIFIC RAiLWA 



The Best Route From and via St. Louis to 

:ansas, f|fi| nnHnn californ 

IEBRASKA, L| (KAl Jl OREC °^ 

IEW MEXICO, w fc ^ ll,ll, vj ARIZONA. 

The Agricultural and Mining Regions of the Great Wes1 



zEszcxxiesioii^r tickets via this Line to denv: 

id return are on sale at lowest rates every season, from May ist, good till Oct. 




NORTON'S RECLINING CHAIR CARS, 

f which the above is an interior view, are run on all Express Trains of this I 
yithOUt Extl»a ChSLPge to holders of First-Class Through Tickets 



PULLMAN DRAWING ROOM SLEEPING CARS 

Are also attached to all Through Trains. 

Any of the following named Agents of the Missouri Pacific Railway 
romptly furnish any desired information concerning the Line: 

. H. THOMPSON, N. E. Pass. Agt., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

S. H. MILLS. S. E. Pass. Agt., Cincinnati, Ohio. 

S. W. ELLIOTT, East'n Pass. Agt., 409 Broadway, New Y 
G. H. DANIELS, Gen. Agt., 52 Clark St., Chicag 
F. CHANDLER, Cen'l Pass. Agent, St. Louis, Mo. 



SSOURhPACIFICxRAILWAY, 

The Best Route From and via St. Louis to 
a<; AAlAninA CALIFORNIA, 

SL COLORADO, j-a* 

Agricultural a nd Mining Regions of the Great West ;. 

■X-r*T7TE3SI03>T TICKETS via this Line to DENVER 
SIS oaWXfewest rates every season, from May ist, good till Oct. .31st. 




MORTON'S RECLINING CHAIR CARS, 

ch the above is an interior view, are run on all Express Trains of this Line, 
lOUt Extra Charge to holders of First-Class Through Tickets. 

PULLMAN DRAWING ROOM SLEEPING CARS 

Are also attached to all Through Trains. 



L ny of the following named Agents of the Missouri Pacific Railway will 
illy furnish any desired information concerning the Line: 
THOMPSON, N. E. Pass. Agt., Pittsburgh, Pa. 

S. H. MILLS. S. E. Pass. Agt., Cincinnati, Ohio. 

S. W. ELLIOTT, Easfn Pass. Agt, 409 Broadway, New York 
, MM1 G - H - DANIE LS, Gen. Agt., 52 Clark St., Chicago 111 

'. CHANDLER, Cenl Pass. Agent, St. Louis, Mo. ^cago, 111. 




1i?Pi% 



m 



VIA ST. LOUIS FROM UNION DEPOT. 



tor 

Memphis, 
Mobile, 
Jackson, 
New Orleans 
Yicksburg, 






Chattanooga 

Atlanta, 

Savannah, 

Charleston, 

Jacksonville, 

And all 
Points in the 




Southeast. 

When you go to or from ^EKA.1TSA.S or ^^^"t^ 
or for Pleasure, go by the Favorite " Iron Mountain, 
natural attractions, safety, speed, comfort and economy combine 
Popular Thoroughfare of the Great Southwest. 1 5; 

Through Tickets and Baggage Checks can be procured at Tic 
necting Lines throughout the East, North and West, and at the ^ 

COMPANY'S OFFICES: 104 Clark St., Chicago. SllMtt ■ 

A. W. SOPER, Gen'l Supt. O. W. RUGGLES. Gen 




MAP OF 

NEW MEXICO 



ENGRAVED 

Expressly for this Work, 

Geo. F.C rum, Cli Ion ffo. 



Las Vegas. 

Paolo Montova. 
No. i heir* of B.tca. 



and Canon de 



Santo Domingo, 



29. Espiritu Santo Spring. 

30. Jcmvz anil San Isidro. 

31. Sangre tie Cristo. 
\2. San Feline. 



and Canon d*l 



1,0,1), 



36. Tejon. 

37. Tajique. 

38. Torreon. 

39. Manxano. 

40. Isleta, Pueblo 



Tome. 

Belen and Casa, Colorado. 

Cevilleta. 

Bosque del Apache. 

Pedro Armendaj-iz {t grants). 

Brazito tract. 

Agua Ne«a. 

Perea, or Los Esteros. 

Lady of Light, 



iru.ii, 









&* 




••-£=£ 



0mm$(to 



VTA ST. LOUIS FROM UNION DEPOT. 



h 




FOR 

Memphis, 

Mobile, 

Jackson, 

New Orleans 

Yicksburg, 

Nashville, 

Chattanooga 

Atlanta, 

Savannah, 

Charleston, 

Jacksonville. 

And all 
Points in the 

South 

AND 

Southeast. 



When you go to or from ^i.^,^:.^-3SrS-^.S or TIEZHZ-A-S, for 
or for Pleasure, go by the Favorite " Iron fountain Route, 
natural attractions, safety, speed, comfort and economy combine to ma 
Popular Thoroughfare of the Great Southwest. 

Through Tickets and Baggage Checks can be procured at Ticket Offic( 
necting Lines throughout the East, North and West, and at the 

COMPANY'S 03TICSS : 104 Clark St., Chicago. 24 N. 4th St., St. 

AWD UJVIOJV DEPOT, ST. LOUIS. 

A. W. SOPER, Gen'l Supt. O. W. RUGGLES. Gen. Passeng-er Agt., 



NEW MEXICO. 65 

cation to business, not counting what the waters may do. The 
springs rise not far from the mouth of a beautiful canon, which 
winds romantically into the Spanish range of the Rocky mountains, 
and are the very center of magnificent scenery. Their altitude is 
6,400 feet, the elevation which has made Colorado Springs so efficient 
for the cure of pulmonary complaints. The advantages are, however, 
decidedly in favor of Las Vegas, for the waters are more medic- 
inal, the climate is not so bleak and harsh in winter, and is equally 
delightful in summer. They are the most southerly resort attainable 
on that central elevated plateau, which may be considered the great 
sanitarium in this country for lung diseases, and which extends 
through Colorado and the upper half of New Mexico, along the east- 
ern base of the Rocky mountains. The healthful character of the 
climate of New Mexico is worth bearing in mind. In New England 
twenty-five out of every one hundred persons die of tubercular 
diseases; in Minnesota, fifteen; in the southern states, six; but in New 
Mexico only three. The United States army reports place the ratio 
of respiratory diseases at 1.3 per thousand in New Mexico, while in 
other parts of the Union it ranges from 2.3 to 6.9 per thousand. Dr. 
Lynington says that in a residence of eight years in New Mexico, he 
has seen but two cases of phthisis among natives. The days are" 
seldom too hot for comfort, while the nights are always cool ; and 
the atmosphere is dry, pure, and electric to an extraordinary degree. 
If you wish to recuperate, and are in doubt where to go, take a trip 
to the- Las Vegas springs. 



THE LAND GRANTS. 

Las Vegas stands upon a land-grant made in 1835 by the Mexican 
government. The grant contains 496,447 acres, and was originally 
made to Juan de Dios, Maese and others. As the matter of grants 
is an important one to all persons in New Mexico, and to all who 
intend to remove to the territory, it should be understood thoroughly. 

The Spanish kings and the Mexican governors used to cede to 
their favorites, and for purposes of colonization, certain tracts of land, 
which were known then as " private land-grants." When the United 
States took the country by conquest, they agreed, by the treaty 
which was signed in 1S48 at a small town called Guadaloupe Hidalgo, 



66 WHERE TO GO TO. BECOME RICH. 

to sustain all these property rights. The stipulation, which is in the 
eighth article, reads : 

Mexicans now established in territories previously belonging to Mexico, and 
which remain for the future within the limits of the United States, as denned 
by the present treaty, shall be free to continue where they now reside, or to 
remove at any time to the Mexican Republic, retaining the property which 
they possess in the said territories, or disposing thereof and removing the pro- 
ceeds wherever they please, without their being subjected on this account to 
any contribution, tax or charge whatever. * * In the said 

territories property of every kind now belonging to Mexicans not established 
there, shall be inviolably respected. The present owners, the heirs of these, 
and all Mexicans who may hereafter acquire said property by contract, shall 
enjoy with respect to it guaranties equally ample as if the same belonged to 
citizens of the United States. 

Another treaty, signed Dec. 30, 1S53, commonly known as the 
Mesilla Valley treaty, or the Gadsden purchase, deputates in its fifth 
article that — 

All the provisions of the eighth * * articles of the treaty of 

Guadaloupe Hidalgo shall apply to the territory ceded by the Mexican republic 
in the first article of the present treaty, and to all the rights of persons and 
property, both civil and ecclesiastical, within the same, as fully and effectually 
as if the said articles were herein again recited and set forth. 

The law of congress of August 4, 1854, extended the federal and 
territorial civil jurisdiction over the additional territory acquired by 
the treaty of 1S53, whereby the treaty of Guadaloupe became opera- 
tive also over the Gadsden purchase. 

Before the grantee can have title to his grant, it must be con- 
firmed by congress. No time has ever been set within which the 
owners of grants must apply for confirmation or lose all right to 
their grant, and the result is that only a small proportion of grant 
owners have asked to have their lights fully vested in themselves. 
The confirmation by congress is of course to prevent men from tak- 
ing fraudulent grants; very few such have been discovered in Mexico, 
but California has been filled with them. About two hundred pri- 
vate grants, and twenty-five pueblo grants — of which mention will be 
made later — have been presented, and forty-six have been confirmed. 

The following table shows the 

CONFIRMED GRANTS, 
to whom they were originally granted, when the grant was made, 



NEW MEXICO. 



6 7 



and by what government, and, so far as the United States reports 
show, the number of acres in each grant : 





Tract known as the 


Original Grantees. 


a* 


Made by 


Acres. 




Juan Barela, et al 


1S23 

1739 

1832 

1S43 
1S23 
1823 
1824 
1815 
1846 
1820 
1841 
1824 
1740 

i 8 39 
1S41 

1825 

1843 
181 5 
1827 
1S60 
1S35 

l8 34 
1841 
1829 
1786 
1798 

!75i 
1712 
1822 


Mexico. 
Spain. 
Mexico. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
Spain. 
Mexico. 
Spain. 
Mexico. 

do. 
Spain. 
Mexico. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

Spain. 

Mexico. 

UnitedStates 

Mexico. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
Spain. 

do. 

do 

do. 
Mexico. 

do. 
Spain. 
Mexico. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
Spain. 
Mexico. 
Spain. 
Mexico. 

do. 
Spain. 
Mexico. 
Spain. 

do. 

do. 
Mexico. 


318,700 
121,595 


Sangro de Cristo 

Casa Colorado, Town oi 


Manuel Martinez & Sons 
Luis Lee & Narciso Beaubien 

Salvado Montoya, et at. . . . 
Francisco Trujillo, et al. . . . 
John Scollv, et al 


Tecolote, Town of 


-1*637 
12,546 




Lady of Light 

Chilili, Town of 




i6,547 
38,435 


Santiago Padilla, et al 




Diego Torres Salazar, et al. 
Jesus Mieva, et al 


194,664 

31.595 




Beaubien and M randa. . . . 




17,712 




Vigil and St. Vrain 

Juan de D. Pena, et al 

Luis Maria C. de Baca 

Juan de Dios Maese, etal 




Eaton, E W 


27,854 

99,289 
496,447 


Numbers I* 2, Baca heirs 
Las Vegas, Town of . . . 


Torreon, Town of 

Manzano, Town of ... . 
San Isidro, Town of . . . 
Canon de San Diego. . . 
Las Trampas, Town oi 


Nerio A. Montoya, et al. . . . 

Jose M. Trujillo, etal 

Armenta and Sandoval. . . . 
F.&A. Garcia deNoruga, etal 





Anton Chico, Town of. 
Laguna Pueblo, lands of 


I ndefinite 


383,663 


Ortiz, Caspar 


Vicente Duran deArmigo. . 
Pedro Armendariz 


'739 
i835 
1820 
1820 

184.5 
1724 

1840 
1742 
1844 
1S24 
1S19 

1S33 
iSi.s 
1S07 
1743 
i3 4 3 




Mora, Town of. 


827,621 




397, 2 35 




Antonio Trujillo 


ii9,933 
60, 1 1 7 


Tejon, Town of 

Vigil Ramon 


Salvado Ben-eras, et al 

Pedro Sanchez, 




Canon del Agua 

Montoya Pablo 


Jose Serafin Ramirez 


3.501 
655,46s 








Ortiz and Cano 


64,458 


Espiritu Santo spring . 
Cevolleta, Town of. . . . . 

Leronx Antonio 

Nolan, Gervacio 


Luis Maria C. de Baca 

Francisco Aragon, et al. . . 
PedroVigil deSantillana,et al 
Gervacio Nolan 











6S WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

The Las Animas and Gervacio Nolan grants, and parts of the 
Sangre de Cristo and Cimarron grants are in Colorado. The latter 
is the famous Maxwell grant — its name having been changed — and 
contains about two million acres. 

There is a vital difference between the confirmed and unconfirmed 
grants. When the grants which are already confirmed were pre- 
sented to congress for action twenty years and more ago, New 
Mexico was a far distant and an unknown land. It was compara- 
tively on the other side of the world, congress probably thought it 
would never amount to much; and that attention was not given to 
the law of the case that it deserved. Some of the claimants repre- 
sented that the grant included not only the right to the grazing and 
agricultural uses of the land, but also to the mineral in it; and the 
United States in confirming the grants, assumed that this was true, 
and supposed that under the treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo they must 
give the grantees any mines found on the grants. Accordingly, this 
government quit-claimed its right to the mineral on all the grants 
which it confirmed. In doing this, however, a grievous error was 
made. It has since been learned that the former governments did 
not include the mineral when they made a private grant, but 
expressly reserved it. This point has been fully established in the 
suits which have been brought in California over the grants. For 
example, in 17 California, 199, Moore v. Smaw, it is stated that "in 
.Spain, under the law of the Partida, the property of the mines was 
so vested in the king that they were held not to pass in a grant of 
the land, although not excepted out of the grant; and even though 
included in it, the grant was valid, as to the mines, only during the 
life of the king tvho made it, and required confirmation by his 
successors." At the bottom of the same page in a note the law is 
quoted to the effect that Law ^, title 15, Partida 2, in enumerating 
the things which were not conveyed in a grant of land, says: 

And mines, if there be any ; and although it be not mentioned in the grant 
that the king retains to himself the things above-mentioned, vet it is not, there- 
fore, to be understood that he to whom the grant is made acquires a right to 
them. Moreover, if the king should make over all these things to him by the 
grant, even then he cannot hold or use them, except during the life of king who 
made the grant, and of any other king who may please to confirm it. 

The same principle is set forth in "Rockwell's Spanish and Mexi- 
can law," page 126, and it seems to be now clearly understood that 



NEW MEXICO. 69 

in future the United States will, in fact, uphold the rights of grantees, 
ceded by former governments; that is, this government will sustain 
the grantees in their right to the agricultural and pastoral use of the 
land, but it will not quit-claim its right to any more mineral. Dif- 
ferent views are entertained, but this seems to be the one most gen- 
erally held. 

Of course, the owners of confirmed grants have their right to the 
mineral, and it cannot be taken away. If a prospector finds a mine 
on a confirmed grant, he will have to pay the owner of the grant a 
royalty for the privilege of working it. If a stock-raiser range his 
cattle on confirmed grants, he will probably have to pay ground 
rent, or pasture rent. But on unconfirmed grants both classes are 
for the present, at least, safe from these taxes. If a miner has dis- 
covered mineral on an unconfirmed grant, let him not be terrified 
into giving the owner of the grant a share or a royalty. Let him 
stand his ground and fight for his right, and he will win. And a 
stock-raiser cannot be made to pay rent until the grant is confirmed. 
Men going into New Mexico will do better therefore to go to public 
lands and unconfirmed grants to prospect and to herd stock. The 
confirmed grants occupy hardly one-twentieth of the state, and they 
are nearly all in the northern and central part, so that there is plenty 
of room. 

The value of the land has been different at different times, but it 
has never been very high. Unconfirmed grants have been sold by 
the tens of thousands of acres, at three cents an acre. On the other 
hand, the Canon del Agua and the San Pedro grants, in the Cerillos, 
comprising about thirty-six thousand acres were once sold for $200,- 
000; a Boston company has recently purchased them, and it claims 
to have paid $800,000 for them, which is about $26 per acre. Prices 
vary, as the reader sees, according to circumstances! 

THE INDIAN PUEBLO GRANTS, 
— " Pueblo" means town or village — were a series of grants dis- 
tinct from the private land-grants, and were made to the inhabitants 
of towns, principally that the inhabitants might own their own town 
sites. Eighteen have been confirmed. The following table shows 
which these are. 

They were all made by Spain, mostly in the year 1689, and were 
confirmed by the United States in 1859, except the last, which was 
confirmed in 1876. 



7 o 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



Tract known as the 
Indian pueblo of 



Original Grantees. 



Made by 



Acres 



Jemez 

Acoma 

San Juan 

Picuris 

San Felipe 

Pecos 

Cochiti 

Santo Domingo. 

Taos 

Santa Clara 

Tesuque 

San Ildefonso. . . 

Pojoaque 

Zia 

Sandia 

Isleta 

Nambe 

Santa Ana 



Inhabitants of the pueblo, 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 



1689 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 



16S9 

1748 



1 766 



Spain. 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 



17,545 
1 7,460 

34-7 r >7 
iS, 7 6 3 

24»257 
74,743 
i7,36i 
17,369 

I747 1 
17,293 

13,520 

i7,5H 
24.1S7 
1 10,080 
i3,5S6 



The unconfirmed Indian pueblo grants are, Laguna, Zia, Santa 
Ana, Jemiz, San Cristoval, and Zuni. The unconfirmed private 
grants are too many for mention, and in fact only a part of them 
have ever been presented for confirmation. 



LAS VEGAS TO SANTA FE. 

Going from Las Vegas to Santa Fe, the traveler passes some 
noteworthy points. The first is 

BERNAL, 
twenty miles from Las Vegas. It has about twenty adobe houses. 
Across the track is Bernal peak, which has quite a tragic history. 
Before the war between the United States and Mexico the Mexicans 
lived in the town. The Navajo Indians, fighting on the side of the 
United States, made a descent upon the place, and, routing the 
Mexicans, drove twenty-six of them to the top of the peak. The 
Indians numbered about four hundred, and for the Mexicans to 
attack them was sure death. There was but one way up the moun- 
tain and that the twenty-six could defend against any number. The 
Mexicans would not come down, nor would they let the Indians up, 
and the latter sat down and deliberately starved their prisoners to 



NEW MEXICO. 



7* 



death. For which reason it is now called Starvation Rock. Two 
crosses on the top of the peak mark the spot. The top has an area 
of twenty-five acres, and before the train comes to Santa Fe it 
reaches a point high enough that the passenger can look down on 
the top of the mountain, although at Bernal he runs at its foot. 

SAN MIGUEL, 
thirty miles from Las Vegas, has a population of 1500, whereas 
formerly it had 7000 and was a good business point. 
PECOS CATHEDRAL. 

Thirty-five miles from Santa Fe is the famous Pecos cathedral. It 
is three miles from the railway track, and the passenger can get only 
a glimpse of its red and crumbling walls. It is the site of what was 
once a large and populous Aztec village. Tradition has it that 
Montezuma was born there, and that when he went away he told 
his people to keep the sacred fire burning until his return. But he 
never came. Warriors watched the fires and remained on duty for 
two clays and nights without food or rest, or, as some say, until 
exhausted or dead; and many that came out alive died soon after. 
The Spanish Mexicans used to believe that the bodies were given to 
an enormous serpent to devour. Whatever the cause, the town of 
Pecos declined. Once, about the middle of the last century, Indians 
sacked the town, but many escaped. In 1837 tne tribe was reduced 
to forty-five persons, of whom but seven were warriors. All this time 
they had kept the sacred fire burning, but they could do it no longer, 
as they were too few, and tradition says that three warriors went 
into the woods with the fire, and that Montezuma himself appeared 
and relieved them of it. Then they packed their goods, and went 
to join their brothers at the Jemez Pueblo, west of the Rio Grande. 

They were of course sun worshippers, and they looked at the 
rising sun every morning expecting to see Montezuma return. 
Near by are some boulders having in them distinct imprints of 
human feet, as plain as if they were in soft clay, and tradition has it 
that these are the prints of Montezuma's feet when he left. 

The people were converted to Christianity centuries ago, or rather 
they combined the Christian rites with their own, and were claimed 
by the priests as Christians. The church was built by Franciscan 
friars in 1628. It is of adobe, in the form of a cross, and the interior 
dimensions were : Nave, 100 feet long and 24 feet wide; chancel, iS 



7 3 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



feet wide in front, and 14 in the rear, with a depth of 18 feet; total 
length of the building, 118 feet. The distance from one end of the 
cross to the other, the widest part of the church, was 45 feet. There is 
nothing inside the ruin now save some odd pieces of pottery. The 
ruins of the old town are yet quite visible. Pecos means "blonde, 
light complected and freckled." The town was abandoned, some 
say, because the Comanches attacked it, and so reduced it that it 
could no longer continue, but another tradition has it that a sacred 
serpent was kept in the council house where the fire was burning ; 
that to it was fed every day a child, and that reduced the Pueblo 
finally to a point where the few remaining could not hold out alone. 
The old ruin is one of the most famous in New Mexico. 

LA GLORIETTA 

was the scene of a battle between the Union troops and the Confed- 
erates, Feb. 28, 1862, which lasted from 10 a. m. till 5 p. m. and was not 
decisive. The Union loss was 38 killed, 54 wounded, and 1 1 prison- 
ers, and the Confederates 80 killed, 100 wounded, and 93 prisoners. 
The Confederates retired the next day toward Santa Fe, and the 
Union troops to Fort Union. 

CROPS AND IRRIGATION. 
Along the line, and throughout the country, the traveler sees 
wooden crosses standing in the fields. They are set up by the pious 
people who think some influence is mysteriously exerted to protect 
their crops. The fields are irrigated, too, little trenches ten or fifteen 
feet apart being dug and flooded with water from large ditches which 
in turn are fed by the mountains. With irrigation the soil is very 
rich. 



SANTA FE. 

By all odds, the oddest town in this country is Santa Fe. Quebec 
lias its wall, but Santa Fe has its south European character. Do you 
like antiquity? Here is the oldest town in America. St. Augustine, 
Fla., was settled in 1565, but the Spaniards found this a populous 
town in 1512. It was old when New York was a swamp, and 
hoary with age when Columbus discovered America. Entering it, 
one is reminded of Mark Twairt's comments on Tangier : 

What a tunny old town it is ! It seems like profanation to laugh and jest. 



NEW MEXICO. 73 

and bandy the frivolous chat of our day amid its hoary relics. Only the stately 
phraseology and the measured speech of the sons of the prophet are suited to 
a venerable antiquity like this. Here .is a crumbling wall that was old when 
Columbus discovered America; was old when Peter the Hermit roused the 
knightly men of the middle ages to arm for the first crusade ; was old when 
Charlemagne and his paladins beleaguered enchanted castles, and battled with 
giants and genii in the fabled days of the olden time ; was old when Christ and 
his disciples walked the earth ; stood where it stands to-day when the lips of 
Meranon were vocal, and men bought and sold in the streets of ancient Thebes! 

Santa Fe may not be as old as Tangier, or it may be. How old 
it is no one knows, for it was the home of the Aztec and his prede- 
cessors centuries before the New World was known. 

The city lies on the edge of a basin of the mountains, and viewed 
from the summit of a neighboring peak, looks like a vast collection 
of brick kilns. The houses are mostly of adobe, one-storied, squarely 
built, and the smoke curling from their tops present the appearance 
named. The Santa Fe river — called river by courtesy, for the 
stream is no wider than you can leap across — flows through its 
midst. 

" Santa Fe" means " holy faith." Its early name was " the city of 
San Francisco Asis de Santa Fe," Saint Francis being the patron 
saint. Later it was called " La Ville Real de Santa Fe," which has 
been reduced to simple Santa Fe. Its population now is about 
6,000. Its latitude is 35 deg., 41 min., its longitude 106 deg. 10 
min., and its altitude 7,000 feet. Its time is one hour, fifty-six minutes 
and four seconds slower than Washington time. 

The Spaniards who entered America through Mexico, invaded New 
Mexico at an early date, and made Santa Fe their capital, as it had 
been the capital of the Montezumas before them. Cabeza de Baca 
and Coronado were the earliest of these explorers. What was Santa 
Fe's Aztec name is unknown, but it is supposed to have been. Cicuye. 
The inhabitants of the pre-Spanish towns are called pueblo 
Indians, from the fact that they lived in pueblos or towns, and to 
distinguish then from the nomadic tribes which would not settle in 
villages. The pueblo Indians were a peaceful, civilized people, cul- 
tivating fields, living in homes, loving their families, and observing 
the laws. The Spaniards reduced them to servitude, and treated them 
with the utmost harshness, compelling them to work the mines — 
whose reported richness had been the cause of the Spanish invasion 



NEW MEXICO. 75 

— and the value of the mines may be gathered from the fact that a 
single one of them paid $10,000,000 to the church. The Franciscan 
friars were among the first of the Christian orders to enter the 
country, and their ecclesiastical system was made a part of the cus- 
toms of the new regime. Repeated cruelty at last drove the pueblos 
to revolt in 16S0. This was a great rebellion, rated in the history of 
New Mexico above all other revolts. The Indians drove the Spanish 
settlers and the Roman Catholic priests out of the country, destroyed 
the churches — the Pecos church for some reason was spared — covered 
up the mines, so as to remove as far as possible all future temptation 
of the white man's cupidity ; and re-established their own govern- 
ment and their own religion. On Nov. 5, 16S1, Gov. Otermin left 
Mexico with an army to reconquer the country. He reached the 
west edge of the mesa — a mesa is a plateau on a range of hills or 
mountains — twenty-one milag west of Santa Fe, and there gave up 
the expedition and returned in failure. For twelve years the Pueblos 
possessed the country, but in 1692 de Vargas marched upon the city. 
Arrived there, the Spanish soldiers in view of the deadly conflict 
about to take place received absolution, and the battle began. It 
raged from the morning of Sept. 13th till evening with fearful slaugh- 
ter, but the Spaniards conquered. Entering the city, they proclaimed 
the Spanish supremacy. Gen. de Vargas, having gained the object of 
his expedition, appointed an Indian named Luis, of the pueblo of 
Picuris, as his representative, and he returned to El Paso, reaching 
there Dec. 20, 1692. Having reported to the Mexican government, 
he took some more men and a great many emigrants — the object of 
his return was to get Spanish settlers for the newly conquered 
country — and reached Santa Fe about Dec. nth. Runners, sent for- 
ward to ascertain the sentiment, reported the Indians friendly and 
preparing to give him a triumphal entry. He marched in with flying 
colors, made a speech to the multitude assembled on the plaza, and 
then marched to an eminence to the northeast, where quarters had 
been prepared, and where the- command rested. De Vargas rebuilt 
the San Miguel church, which still stands on the south bank of the 
river, and he also made other repairs. About Christmas he deter- 
mined to move down into the city, but for some reason the Pueblos 
resisted him, and another battle occurred. Spanish troops rushed to 
the fray with the cry of " Santiago." The Pueblos fought them 



76 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

with stones, missiles, and boiling hot water, and while the conflict 
was at its height reinforcements for the Pueblos appeared from the 
west. De Vargas sent a detachment of cavalry which routed them, 
and the day was gained for the Spaniards. On the night before the 
battle the Pueblos had executed Luis, the friend of de Vargas, and 
some other principal men, and when de Vargas entered the city he 
had seventy of the Pueblo warriors shot. Four hundred young 
women and children were listributed among the families of the 
Spaniards. 

The latter held the city for more than one hundred and fifty years, 
and what cruelties were practiced on the unhappy race no one will 
ever know. Insurrections were attempted from time to time, but 
they resulted only in failure and in reducing the Indians to greater 
depths of misery. The most serious was that of 1837. Col. Albino 
Perez was sent out from Mexico as the representative of the central 
government, and when New Mexico was made a territory by Mex- 
ico he was appointed governor. He ruled with fearful injustice, and 
in July, 1837, the Pueblos arose. The immediate cause was an arbi- 
trary tax on tobacco raised in the pueblos. The rebellion first broke 
out in the pueblo of San Juan, but the others soon joined, and an 
organized body marched upon Santa Fe. The combatants joined at 
Santa Cruz de la Canada, and Perez was beaten. He returned to 
Santa Fe satisfied that the insurrection was more formidable than he 
had supposed, and began an effort for reconciliation. He went out 
to meet the advancing victors, but they would hold no consultation 
with him, and on his way back in the evening he was met in the 
suburbs by a hostile party and killed. This was on Aug. 9, 1837. 
The hostiles encamped about the city, caught and killed several 
other prominent men, among them District Judge Santiago Abreu, 
and cut off" the hands of Secretary Alarid, saying that he should 
never countersign any more tyrannical gubernatorial decrees. The 
insurgents cut off* the head of the dead governor, kicked it about 
their camp, and carried it on a pole in sight of the city. That night 
three women stole out from the city, found the body, wrapped it in 
a blanket, and buried it in the old and now deserted cemetery on the 
hill northeast of the plaza. It still lies there. Soon after Manuel 
Armijo took the field at Tome, and within a short time the insurrec- 
tion was suppressed. Gonzales, who was in command of the insur- 



Isrtew mexico. 77 

gents, was, with his lieutenant, Lopez, hung at Santa Cruz, Jan. 25, 
183S. Armijo was then recognized hy the central government at 
Mexico as governor, in which position he remained until the Amer- 
ican government took possession in 1846. A sister of his now lives 
at Las Lunas. 

During the war between Mexico and the United States, Santa Fe 
was captured by the United States troops under Gen. Kearney. 
Gen. Armijo marched out to resist him in his advance, but dissen- 
sions arising in the Mexican ranks, Armijo had to withdraw towards 
Chihuahua, and Gen. Kearney entered the city Aug. 18, 1846, unop- 
posed. He made a speech to the people from the palace, advising 
them to go to their homes and peaceably accept the situation. Gen. 
Kearney built old Fort Marcy, the ruins of which are still visible. 

The city was captured by the Confederates under • Gen. H. H. 
Sibley in 1862, and was held by them about a month. They 
defeated the Union troops at Valverde, in southern New Mexico, 
Feb. 21, 1862, and marched into the city, unfurled their flag, and 
planted their cannon on the plaza. After the battle of Glorietta, 
they evacuated Santa Fe, and the Union citizens who had fled and 
the United States civil officers returned. The Confederates during 
their stay committed no wanton depredations. 

During its long history Santa Fe was much troubled, of course, by 
attacks from savage Indians, but of these only a general mention can 
be made. Of these foes the Navajoes and the Utahs were the most 
formidable and harassing, and war with them was in almost constant 
progress. 

As has been said, the city is, even to-day, the oddest in the United 
States. The houses are flat-roofed, mud-covered, and from a dis- 
tance you could hardly distinguish the town from the surrounding 
country. They are built of sun-dried brick made of straw, precisely 
as brick were made in the days of Pharoah; you will see there 
"women grinding a mill," as they ground in Palestine in the long ago; 
and water is drawn from wells by letting down a rope and bucket by 
hand, without even a windlass, as Jacob did when he kept his flocks. 
The streets are narrow, the walls dead, and a carriage and two 
horses, standing crosswise, will block up the whole thoroughfare. 
The people dress much after the Mexican fashion, especially do the 
women. They wear shawls over their heads and faces, and any day 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



you may see sitting on the sidewalk about the plaza, old crones 
which are veritable Meg Merrilies. Spaniards and Mexicans come 
in from the mines, with dusky faces, frontier clothes, and broad- 
brimmed sombreros. Indians drive to town burros — a burro is a 
Mexican donkey, very hardy, but not larger than a colt — packed 
with wood, tied on. They spend one day cutting the wood, another 
bringing it to town, a third standing about waiting for a purchaser, 
and a fourth in returning home; and they will get twenty-five cents 

for the load ! There 
^ is one place called 
§§ burro alley, which is 
I filled with the ani- 
= mals all day. It is 
the wood market of 
the city. The bur- 
f ros are a patient set, 
:=jt.v5 *' cc pyi ar >d obedient; 
- — ■=- but they have some 
""'u. traits of the human 
fe§8^ about them. During 
Hljgs a recent campaign a 
" politician " was on 
his way home one 
night from a meet- 
ing, "considerably 
the wors e f o r the 
wear. " He passed 
burro alley, and see- 
ing a large crowd, mounted a box and made a speech, addressing 
them as "fellow citizens!" 

The city — like all Spanish towns — is built around a public square, 
called a plaza, and each house in the city is built around a little 
court called a placita. No house is so poor that it cannot have 
its placita. The yards are surrounded by adobe walls as high as 
the head, and many owners cultivate gardens. 

The " sights " for a tourist are numerous. There is the palace. 
'^ ou may have felt envious sometimes because you were not "horn 
in a palace." Feel so no more! Your old country home was as 




Os, 



m& 



^ 



BURRO AND BO\ 



NEW MEXICO. 



79 



grand as this. But it had not the history. This was erected previous 
to the year 1581, and built from material of the old Indian town. It 




GOVERNOR'S PALACE, SANTA FE. 



is a long building, taking up the entire north side of the plaza, one 
story in height, with a porch along its entire front, and not at all 
extraordinary or palatial in appearance. Says ex-Gov. Amy of it : 



So WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RtCH. 

This interesting old building, on account of the repairs repeatedly made upon 
it now-a-days, is fast losing its antique appearance and internal arrangements. 
It has been the scene and witness of many events of interest and importance, 
the recital of many of which would to us of to-day seem almost absolutely 
incredible. In it lived and ruled the Spanish captain general, so remote and 
inaccessible from the viceroyalty at Mexico that he was in effect a king, nom- 
inally accountable to the viceroy, but practically beyond his reach and control 
and wholly irresponsible directly to the people. Equally independent for the 
same reason were the Mexican governors. Here met all the provincial, terri- 
torial, departmental and other legislative bodies that have ever assembled in the 
capital of New Mexico. Here have been planned all the domestic Indian wars 
and measures for defence against foreign invasion, including as the most note- 
worthy the Navajo war in 1S23 and the Texan invasion in 1S42, the "American 
of 1846 and the Confederate of 1S62." Within its walls was imprisoned in 1809 
the American explorer Zebulon M. Pike, and innumerable state prisoners before 
and since; and many a sentence of death has been pronounced therein and the 
accused forthwith led awaj and shot at the dictum of the man at the "palace." 
It has been from time immemorial the government house with all its branches 
annexed. It was such on the fourth of July, 1776, when the American congress 
at Independence Hall in Philadelphia proclaimed liberty throughout all the land 
not then but now embracing it. Indeed, this old edifice has a history. And as 
the history of Santa Fe is the history of New Mexico, so is the history of the 
Palace the history of Santa Fe. 

The palace now contains the governor's mansion (Gen. Lew 
Wallace is at present the governor,) the United States designated 
depository, the United States and territorial court rooms, the 
legislative halls, the territorial library and the office of the at- 
torney general of the town. 

The plaza, or public square of the city, comprising an area of two 
and a half acres, contains a number of fine shade trees. The eight 
large ones forming the extreme north tier were set out by Mariano 
Martinez, then governor, in 1844. The others were set out In- 
private citizens. In the center of the park is the soldier's monu- 
ment, erected by authority of the territorial legislature, and dedi- 
cated with imposing ceremonies, October 24, 1867, to the citizens 
of New Mexico who had fallen in the Indian wars of the country 
and to the Union soldiers who perished in the battles in New Mex- 
ico during the late civil war. 

THE CHRISTIAN BROTHERS' COLLEGE, 
one of the finest buildings in .Santa Fe, and entirely modern in 
character, stands on a hill just south of the river. It is the most con- 
spicuous building in the city, and is seen by the passenger on the 



NEW MEXICO. 



81 



train long before he can see the city. In fact, he will be considera- 
bly amazed when the conductor tells him that the college is in the 
city, for he can see no city. Boys receive in it a "commercial, 




THE PLAZA. 



j business, and good English education." Brother Botulph is the 
I director, as he was the architect and builder. A good view of the 
vicinity is had from its tower. 

SAN MIGUEL CHURCH. 

Near by it is the famous San Miguel church, which was partially 
destroyed in the great rebellion of 1680, and was rebuilt by de Var- 
gas. It is an adobe building, and is falling into decay. The front 
yard is filled with graves, and the ground of the interior is also filled 
with unknown graves. In fact, all the Catholic churches in Santa 



82 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



Fe are so. They formerly had, and some do yet have, no floors, 
nothing but the bare ground, and it was the unhealthy custom to 
bury the dead within these precincts. So thickly are they laid that 
the tourist walks over them, though, of course, the graves are not 
visible. As one enters the door in front, a beam overhead bears an 
inscription to the effect that the church was rebuilt, through his 




THE .PRIEST OF SANTA FE. 

agent, a royal ensign of the army, named Don Augustin Flores Ver- 
garo, by the Marquis de la Penuela in 1710. To the right of the 
door, inside, is an opening in the wall, covered with a curtain, into a 
room ioxS in size. Tradition says there was a stairway in it to the 
gallery under the bell tower — a rather roundabout and awkward 
way to get up. Brother Baldwin, of the Christian Brothers College, 



NEW MEXICO. 83 

who acted as the guide for our party, said with a sly twinkle in his 
eye, that it used to be the chamber of the inquisition. As the inquis- 
ition was never in America, he can enjoy his little joke. 

THE OLDEST HOUSE IN SANTA FE 
is just across the alley from the church. It was seen by Coronado 
in 1540. It is of adobe, is 60 feet long, 12 feet high, and 15 feet 
wide, and is occupied by four families. It aj>pears to be good for at 
least a century more! 

THE CONVENT OF THE SISTERS OF LORETTA 
is the fine stone building just north of the Christian Brothers Col- 
lege. It is a school for girls. The cost was over $20,000. 

THE BISHOP'S CATHEDRAL 
stands at the head of San Francisco street. The old church was 
built of mud in the shape of a cross. A new one was commenced in 
June, 1S69, and is now in course of construction. It is of stone, and 
is being built around the old one, so as to inclose it. Services are yet 
held in the old one. It is always open, and go what time you will, 
you find some one — generally women — kneeling in front of its 
altar, praying. Its walls are covered with old paintings and statues; 
in the niche, back of the altar, is a statue of Saint Domingo brought 
from Spain; and tbe wall back of the altar is covered from floor 
nearly to ceiling with a huge slab of stone with figures and charac- 
ters cut in it. It is considerably in the Egyptian style, and was cut 
by Indians, probably with strong Aztec ideas in their minds. It 
formerly was in the " military church," an old structure which once 
stood on the south side of the plaza, but was demolished years ago 
to give place to a business house. In the altar in the south wing of 
the cathedral stand two statues of saints veiled. They were brought 
from Spain, and tradition has it that they are veiled because if any 
man look on them unveiled he would be turned to stone. The priests 
say, however, that the veils are to keep off the dust, and some say 
they are to conceal the lamentable want of proportion in the figures. 
In the altar in the north wing is a figure of the Virgin Mary, dressed 
in white, with gold and tinsel trimmings, and is an important ele- 
ment in Santa Fe life. Mention will be made of it later. The pic- 
tures to the right and left of the Virgin were brought from Spain. 
The traveler has here an opportunity to observe the thickness of the 



84 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



adobe walls of houses. In this instance they measure six feet. Such 
width is necessary to support the roofs. 




THE NEW CATHEDRAL, SANTA FE. 

THE BISHOP'S GARDEN. 
There is always a Catholic bishop resident at Santa Fe, and at 
present Bishop Lamy fills that office. His residence is just to the 
south of the cathedral, and his gardens are well worth a visit. 
THE OLD CEMETERY. 
Go now to old Fort Marcy, on the hill northeast of the plaza. On* 
the way up you tan stop at the deserted cemetery where Gov. Perez' 
headless body lies buried. The cemetery is no longerused; it is fall- 
ing to ruins, and there is nothing visible inside, not even a stone over 



NEW MEXICO. 



§5 



the unfortunate governor's grave. The cemetery is surrounded by 
a high adobe wall, and a chapel, going to pieces, stands at the en- 
trance. Juanna Prada, one of the women who buried Perez, died 
very recently in Santa Fe. 

The decaying adobe house, a few yards southwest of the burying 
ground, used to be the old Mexican powder house. 

OLD FORT MARCY 
was built by Gen. Kearney, in 1846, and the ruins are still visible, the 
walls being in a good state of preservation. The ruins at the west 




NEW FORT MARCY, SANTA FE. 



86 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

end were the front proper, and the ruins in the rear of these were 
the quarters and guard house. The graves in the rear of the latter 
are of Kearney's men. Pieces of Indian pottery and arrowheads are 
occasionally found lying about. The small pit inside the main fort 
was the magazine and had a house over it. 

Standing on the edge of the bluff, and looking across to the south, 
the low sugar-loaf hills are the real Cerillos; beyond, to the left, the 
higher ones are where the gold placers are found. Back of the Cer- 
illos, the high peak is the San Dilla mountain. The cold breezes 
which constantly strike you come from the perpetual snow lying on 
the mountains in plain sight east and west. 

The present Fort Marcy is at the foot of the hill on which old 
Fort Marcy is situated. It is simply a garrison of United States 
troops, kept here all the time. 

Leaving the hill and going west, you come to the stone state house 
and penitentiary, commenced in 1854, but never completed, because 
congress would appropriate no more money for it. On the state 
house $60,000, and on the penitentiary $20,000 have been already 
expended, and there the piles remain. Back of the state house is the 
masonic burying ground, in the northwest corner of which Gov. 
Bent lies buried. He was killed in the revolution at Taos, in 1S47. 

CHAPEL OF OUR LADY OF THE ROSARY. 

Go across the sandy space west until you come to the Chapel of 
our Lady of the Rosary. It is an old adobe building, 70x20 feet in 
dimensions, with no floor, no seats and no ornaments except a few 
old pictures on the wall. In the vestry are two pictures, one of the 
Virgin, with a really beautiful face. There is no objection to your 
going in to see it. This church, and the church of Our Lady of 
Guadalupe is always locked, but the key is with an old Mexican 
woman who is near by, and who will gladly open and show you in 
for a small coin. The dead used to be buried within the church, and 
one of the graves near the altar is sinking in, leaving a ghastly hole. 
In front of the church, and a little to the east is an old tree which 
used to be the center of a cock-pit, and was once a great resort for 
the sporting Mexicans. 

The church was probably built about the year 1700. No services 
are held in it now except once a year, when the Mexicans invoke 
rain. This is one of the great festivals of Santa Fe. The people 



NEW MEXICO. 



8 7 



form a procession in the town, the image of the Virgin Mary is taken 
from the cathedral and carried, at the head of the line, to the Rosary 
chapel in great state; four persons bear the palankeen in which the 
image is transported; and behind it is a great troop of white-robed 
virgins, followed by the general crowd of Indians and Catholics. 
The people bring out their best carpets, lay them in the street, and 
beg the Virgin to rest. Whenever she does so the priests kneel and 




ST. MARY S CHAPEL, SANTA FE. 



pray, and the populace pay such money as they are able, and the line 
of march is resumed. Arrived at the chapel, the Virgin is placed in 
the altar, and special services for rain are commenced. This is on 
the first Sunday after Corpus Christi, and the invocations continue 
for eight days, or until a week from the next day. As this is about 
the beginning of the rainy season, the welcome storms are pretty 
certain to have commenced before the ceremonies are over. Once, 
however, they did not. That was many years ago. The priests. 



■ss 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



prayed, and the people offered offerings, and implored, but all to no 
purpose. The Virgin was obdurate, and the rain fell not. The 
patience of the worshipers at last gave out, and dragging the image 
from her proud place, they stripped off her tinsel, threw her into the 
creek, and even kicked her over the dry rocks. But that night a 
heavy rain fell, and nearly washed the city away, and the Virgin 
was at once reclothed and restored to her place, and the people prom- 
ised repentance and greater obedience than ever. That is the tra- 
dition. 

Near by the chapel is a private cemetery and adjoining it the 
national cemetery. 

GUADALUPE CHAPEL. 

Another church is the chapel of Our Lady of Guadalupe, not 
far from the chapel of Our Lady of the Rosary. It is an adobe 




GUADALUPE CHAPEL. 



NEW MEXICO. 89 

building, with smooth walls, and surmounted by a diminishing pile 
of square mud pillars, forming a tall tower. The tower had once 
a pointed top of boards and tin, but that is now gone. Within the 
tower is a bell, which from a distance has a very quaint appear- 
ance. The area in front of the church is inclosed with an adobe 
wall, and several graves are to be seen. The interior of the church 
is like that of the others. There are no seats, the ceiling is of cedar 
logs, with nothing between, the floor is filled with graves, and there 
are no ornaments save some old pictures on the wall. The most 
notable of these is the one on the wall back of the altar. 

Our Lady of Guadalupe is a prominent personage in Mexican 
church history, and she has chapels dedicated to her in many cities 
and towns. The legend is that in the fifteenth century a devout 
Indian named Juan Diego, living in the vicinity of Guadalupe, had 
an apparition of the Virgin one day as he was traveling. She 
instructed him as to a chapel which she wished built in her honor. 
He went to the bishop of the diocese the next morning, but he dis- 
couraged the Indian. The next day the apparition appeared, again 
the Indian went to the bishop, and again he was discouraged. A third 
time the Virgin appeared to him, and Juan asked for some evidence 
of the truth of the vision to be shown to the bishop. She told him 
to go to the top of a neighboring mountain and pick some flowers 
growing there. Juan replied that it was winter, and that even in 
summer no flowers could grow there. The Virgin insisted, however; 
Juan went, and to his great astonishment he found the flowers. He 
gathered a great number, put them in his blanket, and went to the 
bishop. On unfolding the blanket before the prelate's eyes, what 
was his astonishment to find, instead of flowers, a picture of the 
Virgin, of such marvelous beauty and with such an exquisite 
arrangement of colors that no human artist could equal the work. 
The painting still hangs in the old church at Guadalupe, and the 
one in the church at Santa Fe is an illustration of it, and the inci- 
dents connected with it, and the chapels to her are dedicated in 
commemoration of the incident. 

At Santa Fe, one sees the finest specimens of Mexican filigree 
jewelry, and can see the native workmen engaged in making it. 
There are two establishments which deal in it. One of them has 
on exhibition a bracelet which will greatly interest the lady tourists. 



9° 



WHERE TO CO TO BECOME RICH. 




MEXICAN POTTERY. 



It was made sixty years ago in the city of Mexico, upon the order 
of a certain wealthy Mexican, yet living in Albuquerque, one of the 
largest sheep-owners in the world. He made it a present to his 
bride. It required four and a half months in making, and the wages 
alone of the workmen was over $450. It is of massive gold, orna- 
mented with precious stones, vines, tendrils, berries, leaves, and so 
on. The berries are microscopic, to the dimensions of a pin-head, 
and are in number more than four thousand five hundred. The 
Mexicans are great gamblers, and it it said that the now aged groom 
lost the fair jewel one night at play. It is not for sale at any price. 

One finds also a large collection of pottery for sale. It is made by 
Indians below the city, and sent up for barter. All sorts of water 



NEW MEXICO. 



9 1 



pitchers, kitchen utensils, household ornaments, human beings, gods, 
and so on, are molded and offered for sale. 

Santa Fe is now and has been for generations and centuries a great 
business point. The storekeepers have become merchant princes, 
and although one can hardly see where all the goods go to, they are 
disposed of; the sheep and cattle men and the miners forming, of 
course, the trade. There are merchants in Santa Fe whose freight 
bills amount to $500 per day. It is a good point at which to stock 
up for a trip, or for a mining expedition, or to go into the cattle bus- 
iness. 

STAGE LINES FROM SANTA FE. 

There are at present two stage lines from Santa Fe. One, the 
Overland Mail and Express company, runs a daily buckboard for 
Conejos, Col., connecting with the Denver and Rio Grande road for 
Alamosa. The fare to Alamosa is $21; fifty pounds of baggage are 
allowed, and seven cents per pound is charged for freight to Conejos. 
The distance to Conejos is one hundred and eleven miles, and to 
Alamosa one hundred and forty-two. The stages of this line pass 
the Ojo Caliente springs. 

The other is the Star Line Mail and Transportation company, 
running to Prescott, Arizona. The fare between Santa Fe and 
Prescott is $75, and for less distances fifteen cents per mile. The 
distance to Prescott is five hundred and seven miles, and the distance 
from Santa Fe to intervening stations and between the stations is 
shown in the following: table : 



MILES. 

Pena Blanca 27 

San Isidro 27 54 

Cabazon Station 22 76 

Willow Springs 28 104 

San Mateo. 16 120 

San Antonio Springs 27 147 

Bacon Springs 16 163 

Fort Wingate 13 176 

Peter's Station 35 211 

Buckeye 19 230 

Navajo Springs 23 253 

Carrizo Creek 24 277 

Horse Head Crossing 22 299 



St. Joseph 15 314 

Canvas Store 14 328 

Brigham City 13 341 

Rock Station 14 355 

Chaves' Pass 25 380 

Pine Springs 22 402 

Oak Grove 19 421 

Beaver Head 23 444 

Camp Verde 15 459 

Copper Canon 8 467 

Hilterbrand's Station 24 491 

Prescott, A. T 16 507 



Passengers are allowed forty pounds of baggage, and, for all over 



9 2 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



that, eight cents per pound for each one hundred miles. The stages 
run five miles per hour, and the time through is ninety-six hours. 

Passengers can, if they choose, go by the Atchison, Topeka, and 
Santa Fe road to Albuquerque, and take the stage thence for Pres 
cott, going via Fort Wingate. By this route the distance is forty- 
seven miles less. From Prescott daily communication by other stage 
lines can be had with Phenix, Gillette, Maricopa, Florence, Globe, 
Mohave City, Tucson, the Tombstone mining district, and the San 
Carlos Indian reservation and agency. 




BURROS PACKED WITH GOODS. 



NEW MEXICO. 



93 



POINTS NEAR SANTA FE. 

JEMEZ SPRINGS, 
sixty miles from Santa Fe, in Bernalillo county, are worth a visit 
by the person who has the time. The traveler goes by private con- 
veyance, stopping all night at Pena Blanca, or he can go within 
thirteen miles by stage for Fort Wingate. The waters have the 
same properties as the famous Santa Rosa Lia springs south of 
Chihuahua, and the scenery is very grand. About them are the 
ruins of a pueblo and church. 

OJO CALIENTE, 
the hot springs of Rio Arriba county, about fifty miles from Santa 
Fe, are also quite noted, though not so well known as the Jemez 
waters. Passengers can go by stage from Santa Fe. 

TAOS CATHEDRAL. 
The old cathedral at Taos is one of the most interesting ruins in 
New Mexico. It is in the pueblo of Taos, north of Santa Fe, a vil- 
lage which to this day has over a thousand inhabitants. In 17 15 
grants were made at Taos to persons who came to Santa Fe with 
de Vargas, the lands having been left by the former grantees prior 
to the great rebellion of 1680. The pueblo was there when the 

Spaniards first went in, but 
the cathedral was built by the 
Franciscan friars prior to the 
rebellion spoken of. It is 
now in ruins, like all the 
buildings which date back to 
Taos has ever 
been a promin- 
ent point. There 
are good miner- 
al lands about it 
— mineral lands 
cathedral of taos. tfc^w^s*"" all the way up 

from Santa Fe, in fact — and the people, who are mostly Mexicans, 
raise fine wheat in the valley, and graze their sheep and cattle on 
the hills. It was the headquarters of the hunters and trappers of 
the last generation; the famous Kit Carson is buried there; and 




time. 



94 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



Governor Bent was killed there, and his remains buried there until 
removed to Santa Fe by the masons. 

THE CERILLOS. 

Leaving Santa Fe, one comes first to the range or collection of 
mountains twenty-four miles from Santa Fe, known as the Cerillos. 
These hills are full of mineral-bearing earth; mines which were 
covered by the Indians in the great rebellion of 16S0 are being re- 







I 





PUEBLO OF TAOS. 

opened by their lucky finders, and new claims are being constantly 
discovered. The mineral belt, so far as known, is seven miles north 
and south and four east and west. The waters of the Cienega and 
Santa Fe creek unite about three miles northwest from the base of 
the Sierra Rosa, one of the Cerrillos group, while the Galisteo creek 
runs through on the south edge of the district. The water supply 



NEW MEXICO. 95 

is ample if steam be used for the manipulation of the ore. Wood 
for fuel is abundant. Lumber is delivered at reasonable rates; 
coal can be had for the digging of it, a fine quality of anthracite. 
That petroleum may become one of the products is not improbable. 
The general formation is porphyritic. Red and brown sandstone 
are found in the southeastern corner of the district, also slates, and in 
the southwest corner some limestone has been met with. Dikes of 
rock of various composition occur through the district. Probably 
one thousand lodes are located. 

The character of the ore varies in the different sections of the dis- 
trict. At the extreme south end is found quartz and heavy spar 
carrying galena, sulphide of iron, ashurite, carbonate and sulphide of 
copper; also bromide and traces of various other minerals; further 
north manganese appears in the combination, also zinc blende. As 
you approach the center of the district the zinc blende and copper 
give out and clean galena takes their place. In going from the 
center to the north end of the district the same change takes place 
as in going soutb, with perhaps an exception. An increase of quartz 
is met with towards the north, and some gold is found in it. The 
veins vary from a few inches to forty feet between walls. The 
crevice-matter for the greater part is rotten porphyry filled with 
gypsum, heavy spar, quartz and galena. 

Water has been struck at about one hundred feet below the sur- 
face in two mines, and in both cases the ore was found to be more 
compact and in better condition to handle than that found above the 
water. 

There are a few favorable locations for tunneling, but these were 
secured by the early prospectors in the districts and are still held by 
them. If these tunnels were run into the mountains they would 
probably strike numbers of the best ledges at a great depth below 
the probable water level and develop valuable ore. When this 
shall have been commenced, dressing and sampling works will be 
needed; forthcoming smelters will follow in the wake, and the Cer- 
rillos will enjoy their first real and permanent boom. 

The discovery of carbonates has been so great that a town named 
Carbonateville has sprung up in the midst. 

Splendid placer fields are found in the Cerrillos, and to supply all 
the water that will be needed a pipe line is being built by the Ortiz 
grant company (in which Senator Jones, of Nevada, is interested) 



96 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

from the Pecos river to the Old Placer mines, in Bernalillo 
county, N. M. The distance is forty miles, and the bore of the pipe 
eighteen inches. At the head of the line a ioo-foot wall will make 
the " bulk-head." The line will pass through two tunnels, one of 
which will be longer than the Raton tunnel. 

The Canon del Agua and the San Pedro grants, which were pur- 
chased recently by Boston capitalists, are fine mining fields. A 
large copper mine has been opened on them from which ore is to 
be shipped to Baltimore; the vein is thirty-five feet wide, and there 
is an outcrop for a mile. The grants also have gold and silver veins, 
and fifteen hundred acres of placer ground. The copper mine was 
probably worked two hundred years ago, under the name of the 
Ramiez mine on the Tuerto mountain. Anthracite coal is also 
found on the grants 'as well as in other places in the district. 

A turquoise mine has also been discovered. It was worked prior 
to the occupation of the country by the Spaniards, and afterwards 
by the latter. Clavigero speaks in his history of tribute paid to 
Montezuma of turquoise, which undoubtedly came from this mine. 
The work done in former times was on the entire body of the hill, 
although there were some tunnels and shafts; but the same amount 
of work could not be done in our day and with our appliances for 
less than $300,000. One day, when the Spaniards were working it, 
there was a slide of rock and the Indian slaves and workmen were 
buried. The Spaniards made a draft on the San Marcos pueblo for 
fifty-five men to take their places, and one tradition says this was the 
immediate cause of the rebellion of 1680. The workmen of to-day 
find stone tools formerly used in breaking the rock, and occasionally 
find bones, skulls, etc. As a piece of turquoise as large as a " nickel " 
is worth $1^00, the reader can form some idea of what a comfort- 
able thing the owners of this mine have. It has been leased by 
some eastern capitalists, who are working it. 

Going on down the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe road, one 
passes some curious Indian villages. The houses have the doors in 
the roof, and the inhabitants go up a ladder from the outside and pull 
the ladder after them. The fields are irrigated, and the simple 
people still plow with a stick, a man walking in front of the oxen 
and motioning them forward. The cattle down there are very 
polite — they never go anywhere unless they are invited ! 



NEW MEXICO. 97 

ALBUQUERQUE. 

At Wallace one strikes the Rio Grande river, and from there the 
ride to Albuquerque is a short one. This town, named after the 
Duke of Albuquerque, is destined to be one of the most important in 
New Mexico, if not really the most so. The rivalry for supremacy 
between it and Santa Fe will be brisk, and the chances are pretty 
equally divided. Coal has been found near by. It is to be the meet- 
ing point of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe and the St. Louis 
and San Francisco railways. It is the center of an immense sheep 
country, and will be a great distributing point for stock men and 
miners. The Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe road will run thence 
down the Rio Grande to some place near Fort Thorn, and across 
southeastern Arizona into old Mexico, through Hermosillo to Guay- 
mas on the gulf of California. This line is now being rapidly built. 
Another division of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe road will be 
from Albuquerque along the thirty-fifth parallel on the old Atlantic 
and Pacific survey, and in connection with the St. Louis and San 
Francisco road, to San Buena Ventura on the Pacific coast, and 
thence north to San Francisco; with a branch from some point near 
San Bernardino south to San Diego; thus reaching three points on 
the Pacific coast in the United States, besides Guaymas, on the gulf 
of California, in old Mexico. This line will, therefore, undoubtedly 
do much, in the way of trade influence, to bring about the annexa- 
tion of Mexico. It affords already much the nearer route from the 
United States to points in the northwestern part of old Mexico, rather 
than by the old route from the east through the gulf of Mexico; 
and it is three days shorter, and $50 cheaper to points in Arizona, 
than to go by San Francisco, the Pacific coast, and the Southern 
Pacific road. 

STAGE LINES FROM ALBUQUERQUE. 
There are two stage lines from Albuquerque, one for Pres- 
cott, already spoken of in the article on Santa Fe, and the National 
Mail and Transportation company for Tucson. The time of the 
latter is a little over five days, the rate of travel five miles per hour, 
the fare fifteen cents per mile. The following table shows the 
distances between stations, and the distances from Albuquerque: 



9 8 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



Pajarito 

Isleta 

Las Lunas 

Belen 

Sabinal 

Socorro 

San Antonio. . . . 

San Marcial 

Fort Craig 

Paraje 

Round mountain 

Aleman 

Point of Rocks. . 

Fort Selden 

Leesburg 

Dona Ana 



9 

6 


IS 


5 


20 


12 


32 


23 

27 


55 
82 


IO 


92 


13 


105 


7 

8 


112 
120 


23 
20 


i43 

165 
185 


20 


205 


5 


210 


5 


215 



Las Cruces 

La Mesilla 

Slocum's ranche.. . . 
Fort Cummings. . . 

Hot Springs 

Fort Bayard 

Silver City 

Burro mountain . . . 

Shakespeare 

Camp Bowie 

Steel station 

Point of Mountain. 

TresAlemas 

Willow Springs. . . 
Tucson 



17 


232 


3 

25 


235 
260 


20 


280 


20 


300 


41 


34 1 


9 


35o 


25 


375 


25 
61 

25 
12 


400 
461 
486 
498 


35 


533 


20 

27 


553 
580 



Each passenger is allowed the usual forty pounds of baggage, and 
freight is eight cents per pound for every one hundred miles. At 
Mesilla the line connects for El Paso and other Texas points, and 
for Hillsboro and other points in old Mexico. At Silver City con- 
nections are made for Globe City, Arizona; at Point of Rocks for 
Fort Thomas and Fort Grant, New Mexico; and at Tucson for 
Tombstone, Phenix, Florence, and Arivaca, Arizona. 



WHITE OAKS. 



A portion of New Mexico which is now creating great excite- 
ment by reason of the rich mineral discoveries made in it is the 
White Oaks district. It is thirty miles west, and a little to the north, 
of Fort Stanton, in the southwestern part of Lincoln county. The 
camp is located between two mountain ranges on a level plain, the 
distance from Santa Fe being about one hundred and sixty miles. The 
camp has an abundance of timber, pine, cedar and white oak; and 
water is plentiful in the camp, two wells having been dug and water 
struck at the depth of fifteen feet. In addition to these there are 
three springs of clear and pure water within a distance of two miles 
from the camp. The lack of water is generally no small draw- 
back to the prosperity of a camp, and here in the first place has 
White Oaks one important recommendation. 

The mineral-bearing formation of this camp is iron, porphyry, 
sandstone and limestone. In addition to its many rich gold and silver 
bearing leads, a marble quarry, showing it is stated, marble of the 



NEW MEXICO. 99 

finest and purest quality, has been discovered. A town has been 
laid out and called White Oaks City, and buildings are going up rap- 
idly. A hotel is also under way. 

There are placer diggings in the vicinity which yield on an average 
thirty cents to the pan. But the principal cause of the excitement is 
the finding of true fissures. The most' famous of these is the 
Homestake, in which wire gold is visible to the naked eye, and 
which was found four feet down. The ore runs immensely, and 
specimens can be found that will yield $20,000 to the ton. The 
average yield will probably be, however, about $150 to $500 per ton. 
Other claims have yielded quite well, the " Large Hopes," $150; 
"Cronin and Baca," $350; the "Little Mac," and "Henry Clay," 
$60 to $800; "Old Abe," "First Discovery," "Black Prince," 
" Yellow Hammer," and so on. Over a hundred locations have 
been made, and men are pouring into the camp from all quarters. 
In going down on the " Homestake," drill holes and stone hammers 
were found, supposed to have been left by the Aztecs when they 
worked the mine. 

Carbonates are also found in deposits sufficiently large to create 
much excitement. 

You can go to White Oaks from either Las Vegas or Santa Fe. 
From the latter point the stations are as follows : Santa Fe to 
Galisteo, 23 miles; Galisteo to Antelope Springs, 40 miles; Antelope 
Springs to Pino's Alkali Wells, 30 miles; Wells to Jicarilla Station, 
40 miles; Jicarilla Station to White Oaks City, 13 miles; total, 146 
miles. At each of these stopping places, provisions for man and 
beast can be found. A well is now being dug at Pedmal, and if 
water is struck in it. the distance from Santa Fe to White Oaks will 
be made twenty-five miles nearer. From Las Vegas you take the 
stage line for Las Cruces, leaving it at Fort Stanton. 



CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN NEW MEXICO. 

The central and southern part of New Mexico will be one of the 
richest countries in the world. It is full of mineral and is yet unde- 
veloped and almost unprospected. It is even less than in its infancy, 
but its record is already splendid. In the Ladrones mountains west 
of Belen, in the Socorro district, near Mesilla, in the Organ moun- 

LoFC. 



lOO 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



tains twelve miles east of Las Cruces, in the Georgetown district, 
and in Silver City, or in fact all over Grant county, rich lodes have 
been found and opened. As Gov. Lew Wallace says: "The 
armies of the world might be turned into these districts without 
exhausting them in a hundred years." Gold, silver and copper 
have been found in immense quantities, and mines have been sold 

for $50,000 to 
$200,000 that 
a few years 
ago were un- 
know n , an d 
could have 
been bought, 
^ all you wanted 
of them, for 
$5 a n a c r e . 
Silver City 
alone last year 
as a mere be- 
ginning, ship- 
ii,i!ij ped $364,000 
Si worth of sil- 
ver, to say 
I nothing of 
copper and 
_; ;- : :~? gold, an d fre- 

jf5|||l| quently from 

NEW MEXICAN INDIANS. t h O U S a 11 d 

pounds of copper often come in in one day. There has been a 
greater development in Grant county than in any other part of 
the territory, because it was settled originally by the Americans, 
and they have pushed things. Veins are found with outcrop- 
pings projecting several feet above ground, and the ore runs all the 
way from $40 per ton up to the thousands of dollars. There is no 
better part of the United States to which a man can go, who wants 
a fair field for prospecting. 




NEW MEXICO. 



101 



The country would also be very fertile if it were irrigated. Mil- 
lions of acres are waiting to be turned to agricultural use, and there 
is now a proposition before congress for an appropriation of $50,000 
to make the experiment of sinking artesian wells. If water be 
struck, the sinking of wells will become a profitable branch of indus- 
try for private capital. 





ARIZONA. 

Arizona is about 325 miles square, 
and contains 1 13,916 square miles, or 
72,906,240 acres, being as large as New 
York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Mary- 
land and Delaware combined. The moun- 
tain ranges run northwest and southeast, except the Mogollon moun- 
tains, which run east and west. The highest peak is the San Fran- 
cisco, 1 1 ,000 feet. 

The Colorado river, formed by the union of the Green and the 
Grand in southern Utah, runs south along the western border for 
more than five hundred miles, being joined by the Chiquito, Dia- 
mond, and Gila. In the northern part of the territory the Colorado 
flows through awful canons, whose walls rise to the perpendicular 
height of 6,000 and 7,000 feet. 

The territory is divided into seven counties, Apache, Yavapai, 
Maricopa, Peral, Puma, Yuma, and Mojave. The climate is mild, 
and the temperature is marked by extremes of neither heat nor cold. 
The valleys of the uplands and the alluvial bottom lands of the 
southern part of the territory are quite fertile, and upon irrigation, 
the land is very productive. 

In the mountains and other arid sections a great deal of cactus 
grows, and a group of it is sometimes called an "Arizona bouquet." 
The finances are in an excellent condition. 

The Navajo Indians, on their reservation in the northeastern part 
of the territory and the northwestern part of New Mexico, are well 
behaved, and do a good business raising sheep and wool. 

SOME TOWNS. 

PRESCOTT, 
the capital, and the seat of Yavapai county, was organized May 30, 

(103) 



o 4 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 




STREET SCENE, PRESCOTT, ARIZONA. 

1864, and was named after the famous historian. The streets run 
with the points of the compass, and have the names of persons pro- 
minent in local history, as Montezema, Cortez, Coronado, Aubrey, 
etc. It has a sash and blind factory, two public halls, hotels, news- 
papers, stores, and business and professional men of good standing. 




COURT HOUSE, PRESCOTT, ARIZONA. 



ARIZONA. 



">5 



The stores carry stocks from $100,000 down, and their freight bills 
often amount to $S,ooo and $10,000 per month. ' 

The city is in a basin, and has good brick and frame houses, mak- 
ing it a really attractive place. The governor resides here, the leg- 
islature meets here, and the county has expended nearly $100,000 
in providing fine county buildings. A library association has a good 
assortment of books and papers, and the school-house is as good as 
any city could ask; so that educational facilities are not wanting. 




SCHOOL-HOUSE, PRESCOTT, ARIZONA. 
TUCSON, 
the seat of Pima county, lays claim to being the oldest town in the 
United States, but there is no historical evidence of it. The origin of 
the place is wrapped in obscurity. In 1830 it was simply a military 
post with eighty or ninety soldiers, but now it has a population of 
over 5000. It has large stores, some of which do a business of half 
a million yearly, pleasant residences, newspapers, a public library, 



io6 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



two Catholic schools, one for boys and the other for girls, besides 
other schools. It has a great trade with Senora, old Mexico. 




SAN XAVIER CHURCH, TUCSON, ARIZONA. 

Not far from Tucson is the famous church, San Xavier del Bac, 
commenced in 1768, and finished in 1798, except as to one tower 
which is not yet completed. It was erected by the Franciscans, is 
one hundred and fifteen by seventy feet in size, built after the 
Moorish and Byzantine style of architecture, is of brick, with brick 
foundations and stone interior, has a dome and two minarets, and is 
ornamented within by many statues of the saints of the church. 

On the outside of the church to the west is an open niche, where 
the Papago Indians formerly gathered for morning prayers, and 
adjoining this was the burial ground and the dead chapel. South of 
the church are the convent buildings, which have been renovated 
and occupied. Four sisters live there, and have been there through 
many years, caring for sick, and teaching the Indians. In the west 



ARIZONA. 



IO7 



tower of the church is a chime of four bells, one bearing date 1804; 
from this tower a very fine view of the surrounding country can be 
had. This church is one of the most interesting antiquities in the 
southwestern part of the United States. 




ARIZONA BOUQUET. 



YUMA 

is the county seat of Yuma county. In 1700 Father Kino estab- 
lished a mission on the spot where the city now stands, but it was 
soon desh-oyed by the Indians. A military post was afterwards 



IOS WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

started, and a ferry was located there. The origin of the town is 
thus narrated by Prof. Pumpelly: 

This place, consisting of one house, had a curious origin, which was told to 
me by a friend who was also the founder. Soon after the purchase of Arizona, 
my friend had organized a party and explored the new region. Wishing to raise 
capital in California to work a valuable mine, he was returning hither with 
his party, when they reached Colorado river at this point. The ferry belonged 
to a German, whose fares for the party would have amounted to about $25. 
Having no money, they encamped near the ferry to hold a council over this 
unexpected turn of affairs, when my friend, with the ready wit of an explorer, 
hit upon the expedient of paying the ferriage in city lots. Setting the engineer 
of the party, and under him the whole force, at work with the instruments, 
amid a great display of signal-staffs, they soon had the city laid out in squares 
and streets, and represented in due form on an elaborate map, not forgetting 
water-lots and a steam ferry. Attracted by the unusual proceedings, the owner 
of the ferry crossed the river, and began to interrogate the busy surveyors, by 
whom he was referred to my friend. On learning from that gentleman that a 
city was being founded so near to his own land, the German became. interested; 
and as the great future of the place was unfolded in glowing terms, and the 
necessity of a steam ferry for the increasing trade dwelt upon, he became 
enthusiastic and began negotiations for several lots. The result was the sale of 
a small part of the embryo city, and the transportation of the whole party over 
in part payment for one lot. 

Now it is a city of about 3000 inhabitants witb churches, schools, 
newspapers, a bridge, the territorial penitentiary and what-not. 
HIEROGLYPHICS. 

A few miles beyond Oat man's Flat — the scene of the celebrated 
massacre in 1851 of the Oatman family — are the " Pedros Pintados" 
or " painted rocks," rocks covered with hieroglyphics. They are a 
huge pile of boulders about forty feet high, and are covered with 
rude carvings, some of them painted over, and none apparently of 
great antiquity, although some of them may be ancient. Tbe Pima 
Indians date them back to the Montezumas. The probabilities are 
that they are the rude record of fights between the Yumas, Coco- 
pahs, Maricopas and Pimas. Some of them are quite amusing, but 
most of them represent scenes of passion, fighting and the like, with 
here and there figures of animals, such as snakes, camels, turtles, be- 
sides skeletons, etc. 

PHENIX, 

the seat of Maricopa county, is the business center of the fertile val- 
ley of the Salt river. It was laid off in 1S68, and has good stores, 



ARIZONA. 



IO9 



flouring mills, schools, papers, and a public library. Barley, wheat, 
and alfalfa are grown in large quantities in this valley, and the flour- 
ing mills are so large and so important that little towns have sprung 
up around them. 

Ehrenburg, Florence, Wickenburg, and many other towns are 
old and growing. 




HIEROGLYPHICS ON THE ROCKS, ARIZONA. 

MORMON SETTLEMENTS. 
There are several Mormon settlements in Arizona. St. Joseph 
has about two hundred inhabitants, and the bishop and as many of 
the laymen as can afford it, practice polygamy. They are a thrifty 



no 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



people; engaged in farming and sheep and cattle raising, and are in 
comfortable circumstances. The town is in the shape of a quadran- 
gle, with a court, and something after the fashion of a fort. The 
houses are all built together, and the system of labor is co-operative. 
The stage line has a dining station I 
there; one family is detailed to do 
the cooking, and the gentile pas- 
sengers eat in the quar- 
ters of that family 
Sunset is anoth 
er Mormon 
town. Lott 
Smith, the 
bishop,is 
a noted 
charac- 
ter, and 
used to 
be one 
o f t h e 
Danit e 
He has two 
wives. About 
thirty families, x * 
two hundred ^' j<^a^^=^— ^rs- ^.V?>^ ,, "" I ^ 

people, live there. Brig — ^^^^%^' 

ham City has about forty fami-~ 

lies,with three hundred persons, 

most of them children. George 

Lake is the bishop. The people of the territory give the Mormons 

the name of being peaceable and useful citizens, and as yet little or 

no objection has been made to them on account of polygamy. 

As the railway gets into the country and the people from the 
eastern states go- in, however, there is little doubt the question will 
he agitated more or less; and that the " peculiar institution " will 
disappear as it is doing elsewhere, peaceably and without any vio- 
lent agitation. 




STAGE STATION, ARIZONA. 



ARIZONA. Ill 

ITS MINING INTERESTS. 

PIMA COUNTY. 
TOMBSTONE. 

One of the most famous districts in the territory is Tombstone, 
which is reached from Tucson by one day's easy staging. The story 
goes that two brothers left Tucson once on a prospecting tour in the 
Dragoon mountains. Their friends told them they would be lost, 
and that instead of finding their fortune they would find only their 
" tombstone." But they went, and sure enough they found it. It 
had an outcropping of several feet, and only a short time ago a half 
interest was sold for $1,000,000, and now other " tombstones " in that 
vicinity are known on the county recorder's books as Jolly Brothers, 
Good Idea, Wandering jew, Little Devil, Wood Rat, Silver Eel, 
Metallic Accident, Tough Nut, Sweet Nut, C. O. D., Gilded Age, 
Tranquillity, Unexpectedly, Emily Mayflower, Grand Dipper, Con- 
tention, Mizen Top, Bob Ingersoll, Boss, Hard Up, Fast Mail, X. 
X. X., Lucky Cuss, No 'Count, Owl's Nest, Luck Sure, Way Up 
and Owl's Last Hoot, and so on. A town is there with a population 
of about two thousand, and this is the way the local paper of a rival 
town puts it: 

They had a fair or festival the other night for the benefit of a church, and the 
only building in town which afforded sufficient room was the Variety theatre. 
Ordinarily the bare association of such a place with church charity would cause 
the clasps on all the prayer-books in the district to rattle with indignation, but 
the managers of the fair, believing in the old motto, " Honi soit qui mal y pense" 
proceeded to make the necessary arrangements. That the affair was socially, 
and more particularly, a financial success, was in a great measure due to the 
fact that the objectionable hall was selected; for the reason that immediately in 
the rear of the building was a dance house which furnished all the music with- 
out any charge. Everything went smoothly enough until the inmates of the 
dance house began to get warmed up, when the said members of the church 
were horrified by such calls as, " Hoof it to the left," " Hug the gals on the cor- 
ner," " Hoop 'em down the middle," " Mule punchers to the right," and the 
never-failing injunction, "All hands chase to the bar, and don't you forget it." 
The next church fair will not take place in the Variety hall. 

Among the noted mines in the district are the Tough Nut, Three 
Brothers, Gordon, San Pedro, Grand Central, Monitor, Contention, 
Prompter, Hermosa, Holland, Alto, Naumkeag, Head Center, Yel- 
low Jacket, Empire, Lucky Cuss, and a hundred others. The own- 
ers of the Contention have been offered $3,000,000 for it. 



112 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

DOS CABEZAS, 

literally " two heads," is a regular double-header for good mines. 
It is one hundred and ten miles from Tucson, has a population of 
one hundred and fifty, and a good public school with thirty scholars. 
One ledge found had an outcropping several miles long, and bould- 
ers weighing half a ton have yielded as high as $300 or $400 per 
ton. The ledge is about twenty-five feet wide. 

Other noted districts in Pima county are : 

Patagonia mountains district. — Towns, Harshaw, population 500; 
Washington camp, 300; Patagonia camp, 60. These three towns 
are within a radius of ten miles. The district is 80 miles south of 
Tucson. 

The Huachuca mountains district is 25 miles east of Patagonia, 
with a population estimated at 500. 

The Santa Catarina district is about 12 miles south of Tucson. 
The population is now about 50. 

Santa Rita is 40 miles south of Tucson. Its population is 150. 

The Papago district is 20 miles west of Tucson, and has a popu- 
lation of 150. 

The Arivaca district is 70 miles southwest of Tucson. It has a 
population of 600. In this is included Oro Blanco, which is really 
a part of Arivaca. There is a public school here. 

The Evergreen district is 15 miles west of Tucson. Its population 
is 25. It is just discovered. 

Owl Head is 20 miles west of Tucson. It has just been discov- 
ered. Its population is about 20, and is increasing fast. 

The San Xavier district is 25 miles south of Tucson. The popu- 
lation is 150. 

The Tucson district is 4 to 6 miles west of Tucson. It has just 
been discovered. The population is about 20, and is increasing fast. 

The Rincon district, 15 miles east of Tucson. The population is 
about 30. It has just been discovered. 

The Empire district, Davidson's canon, is 30 miles southeast of 
Tucson; population about 100. It is a new discovery. The mines 
here are wonderfully rich and extensive. 

In San Pedro are found gold, silver, copper and lead. It is new 
yet, but immense mines have been discovered. 

Arivaca is one of the oldest districts ; and full of rich mines. 




These Bitters are not an intoxicating beverage, nut a 
Medicine of real merit, and pleasant to the taste. 

For Sale by all Druggists, Price, $1. 00 per Bottle. 



t/i OUR DESCRIPTION PAMPHLET MAILED FREE 0» APPLICATION. 

THE PAPER IN THIS GUIDE MANUFACTURED BY THE 

J. W. BUTLER PAPER CO. 

Wholesale 

PAPER DEALERS, 

184 & 186 MONROE STREET, CHICAGO, ILL. 
Milwaukee, Wis., and Kansas City, Mo. 

BELFORD, CLARKE & CO., 

GENERAL BOOK PUBLISHERS, 

233 La Salle Street, Cliic&gro- 



fer CATALOGUE MAILED FREE ON APPLICATION. 

t 



CURES ALL DISEASES OF THE 

KIDNEYS STOMACH AND " 

^BOWELS: 
General debility^ 

CONSTIPATION^^fcll 
DYSPEPSIA /^Kfi' 
PILES StC,^^ 1 



IEYER BROTH ERS&CO 



ST. LOUIS AND KANSAS CITY 



These Bitters are not an intoxicating -beverage, .tout a 
Medicine of real merit, and pleasant to the taste. 

For Sale by all Druggists. Price, $ 1.00 vev Bottle. 

I" OUB DESCRIPTION PAMPHLET MAILED FEEE ON APPLICATION. ^^, 



THE P\PER IN THIS GUIDE MANUFACTURED BY THE 

J. W. BUTLER PAPER CO. 

Wholesale 

PAPER DEALERS, 

184 & 186 MONROE STREET, CHICAGO, ILL. 

Milwaukee, Wis., and Kansas City, Mo. 

BELFORD, CLARKE & CO., 

GENERAL BOOK PUBLISHERS, 

233 Xja Salle Street, Olxicag-o. 



t^" CATALOGUE MAILED FREE ON APPLICATION. 
I 



^ 




Last year we made the announcement that the preservation of the 
artistic delineation and clear, fine work of a wood engraving, by the re- 
production of the same in metal plates, known as electrotypes, re- 
quired the most expert and skilled understanding of the process and its 
practical execution. At the same time we asserted that 

BLOMGREN BROS. & CO. 

had fully demonstrated their ability, and that the unanimous verdict of those requir 
combinations of skill, art and science, was that this firm is the leading and supe* 
trotyping and stereotyping establishment in Chicago and the West. Our experience hi 
us that they give perfect satisfaction, their plates being clear and perfect, and fineljJ 
The members of the firm are proficients themselves, and have strict surveillance over 
iness, besides employing none but experienced workmen. They keep a large ineo s 
trotypes on hand, and are always ready to supply any branch of business, pu ica 
with the best illustrations, at a comparatively slight expense. Those desiring arc . 
cards, &c, should bear this in mind. Their plates for color printing have game e . 
of " the best." We may also mention card scrolls, ceremonial or reception shee s. 
significations and embellishments for holiday, festival or occasions of state or c ui 
commercial forms, checks, bank checks, &c, can thus be embellished at much esse ] 
by procuring original wood cuts. Their wrapping paper designs are new 
Blomgren Bros. & Co. have ignored the threadbare fashion of constantly repr ^ 
illustration for any line of business or for any requirement. We most e 
Blomgren Bros. & Co. execute superior -work, and advise a practical test o ^ 

over, they are prompt and reliable, always. Special terms will be made w ^ 

respondence will receive prompt attention. Location, Nos. 162 and 104 



T 

whi 
bee 
fror 
tha 
cou 
fek 
mi: 
ha; 
dis 
W 

c 
p 

at 
tl 








MAP OF 

IZONA 

UGRAVED 

ly for this Work, 




Last year we made the announcement that the preservation of the 
artistic delineation and clear, fine work of a wood engraving, by the re- 
production of the same in metal plates, known as electrotypes, re- 
quired the most expert and skilled understanding of the process and its 
practical execution. At the same time we asserted that 

BLOMGREN BROS. & CO. 

had fully demonstrated their ability, and that the unanimous verdict of those requiring 
combinations of skill, art and science, was that this firm is the leading and superior 
trotyping and stereotyping establishment in Chicago and the West. Our experience has ta 
us that they give perfect satisfaction, their plates being clear and perfect, and finelv fini 
The members of the firm are proficients themselves, and have strict surveillance over their 
iness, besides employing none but experienced workmen. They keep a large line of stock 
trotypes on hand, and are always ready to supply any branch of business, publications 
with the best illustrations, at a comparatively slight expense. Those desiring circulars, po 
cards, &c, should bear this in mind. Their plates for color printing have gained the reput 
of "the best." We may also mention card scrolls, ceremonial or reception sheets, ornam 
significations and embellishments for holiday, festival or occasions of state or church. Alii 
commercial forms, checks, bank checks, &c, can thus be embellished at much less expense 
by procuring original wood cuts. Their wrapping paper designs are new and varied. In 
Blomgren Bros. & Co. have ignored the threadbare fashion of constantly reproducing the 
illustration for any line of business or for any requirement. We most earnestly repeat 
filomgren Bros. & Co. execute superior -work, and advise a practical test of their abilities. N 
over, they are prompt and reliable, always. Special terms will be made with the trade, 
respondence will receive prompt attention. Location, Nos. 162 and 164 Clark St., Chicago 



ARIZONA. 



"3 



About $300,000 of eastern capital is here invested, principally from 
Philadelphia, New York and Indiana. 

YUMA COUNTY 

has been worked by American enterprise since 1S5S, and yet scarcely 
a beginning has been made. The Weaver, Castle Dome, Harcuvar, 
Eureka, and other districts, probably two thousand good locations 
have been made, and many millions of dollars' worth of mineral 
have been shipped. 

YAVAPAI COUNTY. 
There are about twenty thousand mines located in the territory, of 
which nearly one-half are in Yavapai county. In fact, it has thus far 
been the chief mining county, because it was the easiest protected 
from the Indians. There is no reason to suppose that it is richer 
1 than the others. Gold has been found in nearly every part of the 
I county in veins, bars, and gulches; it is also found in the granitic, 
I feldspathic, quartzose, hornblendic, slate and talcose rocks, free, 
! mixed with sulphides, and often in beautiful crystals. Wire gold 
(has been found, and scales and nuggets. Among the prominent 
1 districts are Weaver, Humbug, Tiger, Centennial, Pine Grove, Peck, 
i Walnut Grove, Hassayampa, Big-Bug, Turkey Creek, and Lynx 
\ Creek, at Clifton. In the southeastern part of the county is a cop- 
iper district, the ore of which carries from 30 to 50 per cent, of metal, 
and is apparently inexhaustible. It is from this point that much of 
the copper ore is shipped to Silver City, New Mexico. Yavapai 
sends ten times more placer gold to the mint than all the other coun- 
ties of the territory combined, and its silver veins seem to be inter- 
minable. In Centennial district about three hundred ledges have 
been located, principally in the hills above granite wash. The out- 
crop extends up in some veins sixty feet, and varies in width from a 
few inches to several yards; and it is nothing unusual to hear of ore 
assaying from $Soo to $2,000 per ton. 

MOJAVE COUNTY 

was first prospected in 1857, but, owing to the hostility of the 

ilndians, little was done until 1863, when more than twenty-five hun- 

rcd locations were made in the Sacramento district alone. Mineral 

ark, Cerbat, the Black Canon, Mount Hualpais, San Francisco, 

hloride Flat, Stockton Hill, and many other districts, are rich in 



tizj. WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

mines. Ruby, horn, and native silver are frequently found. One 
lode in the county, discovered in 1874, is more than ten miles long, 
and the output from one of the claims on it has been as high as 
$200,000 per month. 

PINAL AND MARICOPA COUNTIES. 
It is within only the past few years that these two counties have 
been prospected, but the work has paid well. Between the Gila 
and Salt rivers, lie the Globe and Pioneer districts, in which are the 
Stonewall Jacksoh, Globe, Wheatfield and Miami mines, which 
are among the richest on the Pacific slope. 

THE GLOBE DISTRICT 
is one of the best known. During February and March twenty 
different pieces of property were bonded, some of them having from 
three to twenty claims each. Among the notable mines recently 
located in the district are the McCormick, the Mack Morris, the 
Silver Nugget, Pilgrim, the Golden Eagle, and the Mexican, to say 
nothing of the great number of old and valuable mines. 

Other districts are, the Pine Grove or Randolph — in which the 
first ledge ever discovered was forty feet wide on an average, and 
more than three miles long — the Pioneer and Summit. The beauty 
of all these districts and localities are that they are new, the unskilled 
prospector has a better chance than in an old district, there is gener- 
ally an outcrop, and the railroad is pushing in very fast. 





COLORADO. 

NORTHERN COLORADO. 

The northern part of the state lias been 
so thoroughly written that an extended descrip- 
tion of it is not necessary. Its general character is well known. 
The entire state abounds in mineral — almost every known species has 
been found within its limits — and the names of Boulder county, 
Georgetown, Leadville, Silver Cliff and Ten-Mile are almost house- 
hold words. The state is equally well known for its health resorts, 
and equally familiar are Colorado Springs and Manitou. 

The Rocky mountains extend through the central part of the 
state from north to south in three divisions. Between the northern 
boundary and the middle of the state the range seen from Denver, 
the Park range, west of the parks, and the Blue river group run par- 
allel to each other; southwest of the Arkansas valley is the National, 
Saguache or Sierra Mad re range ; west of the National range being 
the Elk mountains; and in the southern and southwestern part of 
the state are the Spanish peaks, Wet mountain, Raton mountains, 
Sierra San Juan, Sierra La Plata, Uncompahgre and Sierra San 
, Miguel, with their intervening peaks and foot-hills. The " conti- 
| nental divide " runs north and south through the state and, crossing 
I that, one is on the Pacific slope. 

("5) 



I I<5 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

The state has an average height of seven thousand feet, the lowest 
point being three thousand and the highest fourteen thousand four 
hundred. The foot-hills average eight thousand feet in height, and 
the timber line is about eleven thousand five hundred feet above 
sea-level. 

In the central part of the state are four vast basins called " parks." 
The most northerly is North park, and has an elevation of nine 
thousand feet, and an area of two thousand five hundred miles; the 
next south is Middle park, with an elevation of eight thousand five 
hundred feet, and an area of three thousand square miles; south of 
that is South park, with an elevation of nine thousand five hundred 
feet, and an area of twenty-two hundred square miles; and near the 
southern boundary of the state is San Luis park, with an elevation of 
seven thousand feet, and an area of eight thousand square miles. 

The river system embraces the principal tributaries of the Arkan- 
sas, Platte, Rio Colorado, Rio Grande, and the Smoky Hill and 
Republican forks of the Kansas. 

THE MINING INTERESTS. 

The Cherokee Indians discovered gold on the South Platte in 
1 85 1, and other discoveries were made from time to time until 
occurred the great Pike's peak excitement of 1858 and 1S59. Since 
that time the state has rarely been without a mineral excitement of 
some kind. 

Gold-mining is carried on principally in the vicinity of Central 
City, Black Hawk and Nevada, in Gilpin county; F airplay and 
Mount Lincoln, in Park County; Sunshine, Gold Hill and Ward, in 
Boulder county; Breckenridge, Montezuma, and St. John,. in Sum- 
mit county; Granite and the head waters of the Arkansas, in Chaffee 
and Lake counties; and in Summit district, in Rio Grande county. 
The silver-mining is principally in Leadville and other places in 
Lake and Summit counties; Georgetown, Empire, Idaho Springs, 
and Silver Plume, in Clear Creek county; Caribou, in Boulder; Sil- 
ver Cliff and Rosita, in Custer; and in Hinsdale, Ouray, San Juan 
and La Platte counties, in the San Juan country. 

Boulder county has produced in twenty years more than $3,000,- 
000 worth of gold and $2,000,000 worth of silver. The present 
yield is about $Soo,ooo annually. The principal mines are the 
Caribou, Native Silver, Seven-thirty, Melvina, Slide, Smuggler, 



COLORADO. 117 

Golden Age, Cold Spring, Keystone, Mountain Lion, Last Chance 
and others. The county has, of course, been pretty well prospected, 
although many good mines yet remain, no doubt, to be discovered. 
There are plenty of reduction works and abundant transportation 
facilities. 

In Gilpin county the main portion of the gold-bearing veins are 
located within an area of less than four miles square, and within this 
district are the cities Black Hawk, Central, and Nevadaville. Min- 
ing began in the county in i860, and during the twenty years suc- 
ceeding about $30,000,000 of mineral have been taken out, of which 
$27,000,000 were in gold, and the remainder in silver and copper. 

Clear Creek county has yielded in twenty years about $20,000,- 
000 worth of mineral, and it has within its limits nearly 20,000 loca- 
tions. The famous city of Georgetown is in this county. 

Leadville has, however, furnished the great excitement of later 
years in Colorado. At the time of the Pike's peak craze, placer 
mining was commenced in California gulch, and kept up with good 
success for five years. Probably $4,000,000 were worked out in 
that time, but in 1S66 the product was light, and in 1876 it dropped 
to $20,000. The camp became pretty dead, when Messrs. Stevens 
and Wood purchased some placer ground, and began the construc- 
tion of a twelve-mile ditch to bring water for washing. While this 
was in progress the workmen were pitching and shoveling about the 
earth which they found in their way without suspecting what it was. 
Messrs. Stevens and Wood had assays made quietly, and found the 
stuff to be carbonate ore carrying silver. They kept their secret 
until they had located nine claims, and when the truth was known a 
great rush began, and the " Leadville excitement " soon followed. 
The next mines discovered were the Camp Bird, the Adelaide, the 
Pine, and the Charleston, and then Fryer hill was opened. The 
stage lines were crowded, a town arose, stores began to come 
in, a paper was started, and in the summer of 1878 the destiny of 
Leadville seemed fixed. Since that time a city of forty thousand 
inhabitants has grown up, with daily papers, churches, hotels, opera 
house, banks, gas works, water works, and all the appurtenances of 
a heavy center of population. Real estate has risen enormously. 
Lots which could be had for $2^ in the summer of 1878 have sold 
for $5000 since, and the value of property has been known to quad- 
ruple in a single week, 



COLORADO. II9 

The rapidity with which some men have made fortunes in the place 
is astounding. H. A. W. Tabor moved into the district in the summer 
of 1S77 with a small stock of goods for a general store, and to make 
business a little better he took the postmastership. He is now a mil- 
lionaire, and is lieutenant governor of the state. Senator Chaffee 
was another equally fortunate man. 

In nineteen years the output of Lake county — in which Leadville 
is — has exceeded $15,500,000. Of this $6,700,000 was of gold up 
to and including the year 1875, and the remainder was for the suc- 
ceeding years. Of the total amount the gold was worth $1,000,000, 
the silver $7,000,000, and the lead about $1,000,000. 

Leadville seems able to hold her own, although the excitement is 
not so great as it formerly was. Fears are entertained that the 
mines may be easily worked out, and as everything is pretty well 
taken up around there a good many will undoubtedly go to Gunni- 
son and other southern districts as soon as the snow will permit. 

Custer county, was first prospected for silver in 1S72, when three 
miners discovered the Senator lode, and started' a town which they 
called and which is still called Rosita. Since that time more than 
$1,500,000 in silver has been produced in the county, Silver Cliff 
being now the most notable place. 

HEALTH RESORTS. 

Colorado has long been noted for its healthful climate. The 
winters are pretty severe, and the atmosphere is probably not so 
genial as at Las Vegas or other points in New Mexico, but it is 
nevertheless very bracing, and, for asthma and many pulmonary 
complaints, excellent. The best known resorts are Colorado Springs, 
and Manitou. The former is on the line of the Denver and Rio 
Grande railway, about forty-five miles north of Pueblo. It is well 
supplied with hotels, and commands a fine view of Pike's peak and 
the neighboring mountains. Manitou, where are to be found the 
famous springs, are five miles west of the town of Colorado Springs, 
and almost at the foot of Pike's peak. In the immediate vicinity 
are the Garden of the Gods, Monument park, Ute pass, and othei 
places noted for their fine scenery. 

Of the scenery of Colorado, not too much can be said. The 
grand canon of the Arkansas probably has not its superior in the 
world. Royal gorge, Grape Creek canon, Temple canon, Oaf 




.","'"' -_ _ . .■^; .^nwaHffliffl 



i 1 '". 1 / ' 



COLORADO. 



Creek canon, Veta pass, Dump mountain, Teocalli mountains, 
Twin lakes, Mount of the Holy Cross, all these are familiar names. 



GUNNISON. 

The great " boom " in Colorado just now is over Gunnison, and 
probably forty thousand people will go into that country this sum- 
mer. It is comparatively new, prospectors have a better chance, 
and some of the finest, if not the finest mines in the state have 
already been located there ; for which reasons it is now the popular 
country. 

Gunnison county is in the western tier of Colorado, between 
Summit on the north, and Ouray and Hinsdale on the south, and is 
one hundred and ten miles long, and eighty miles wide. The Gun- 
nison " country " includes, however, that part of the state lying 
within the county and between the county and the Continental 
divide. The principal rivers are the Gunnison and its tributaries — 
the Uncompaghre, the Cochetopa, the Tumichi, the Taylor, the East, 
the Ohio, the north fork of the Gunnison — and the Eagle, the Roar- 
ing Fork, and Rock river, tributaries to the Grand, but having their 
source in the Gunnison country. The principal towns are Gunnison, 
the seat of the county, Pitkin, Ruby Camp, Crested Butte, Gothic, 
Hillerton, Virginia City, Red Cliff, and Irwin. 

The earl^ history of the country is not certain. In 1853 Capt. 
Gunnison, while exploring for a route for a Pacific railroad, surveyed 
a belt of the country, and in 1S53 and 1854 Col., now Gen., Fremont 
passed over nearly the same district. These were the first white 
men in it. In 1861 men came over from California gulch, now 
Leadville, and washed out gold, but nothing was known of the 
existence of silver then. The entire country is, of course, on the 
Pacific slope. 

The country has the topographical shape of a fan, with Gunnison 
City at the apex. North of it thirty miles, at the other end of one 
of the sticks of the fan, is Crested Butte, and from this point the 
gulches which bear the mineral radiate. To the south and east is 
Copper creek; next west are the gulches of East river and the head 
of Rock creek; to the north and east of these are Rustler and 



122 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME KICH. 



Maroon; to the west, Washington gulch; west of that, Coal creek; 
and to the west still, Ohio creek. 

HOW TO GO TO GUNNISON. 
There are several different routes into the Gunnison country, but 
the best are from Alamosa or Canon City. The first is the better 
winter and freight line, the second the shorter. Go by the Atchison, 
Topeka, and Santa Fe road from either Atchison or Kansas City to 
Pueblo or Denver, and there you take the Denver and Rio Grande, 
or the Denver, South Park and Pacific roads for either of the fol- 
lowing towns, which are the starting points: 




*- 





SCENE IN PUEBLO. 
ALAMOSA, 

on the Denver and Rio Grande railway, 130 miles south of Pueblo. 
Alamosa and Saguache route to the Gunnison. Distances: To 
Williams' ranche, 11 miles; Williams' to Green Brothers' ranche, 26 
miles; Green Brothers' to Russell springs, 9 miles; Russell springs to 
Saguache, 10 miles; Saguache to Rock cliff, 10 miles; Rock cliff to 
Moncheur's toll gate, 10 miles; toll gate to Joy's ranche, 22 miles; 
Joy's ranche to Parlin's, 22 miles; Parlin's to Gunnison City, 12 miles. 
Total distance from Alamosa to Gunnison City, 132 miles. 

BUENA VISTA, 
present terminus Denver, South Park and Pacific railway, on the 
Arkansas, 135 miles southwest of Denver. From this place there 
are two routes. One is via Cottonwood pass to Hillerton, 27 miles; 
Hillcrton to Howeville, (or Jack's cabin,) 24 miles; Howcville to 
Crested Butte, 12 miles. Total distance from Buena Vista to 
Crested Butte, 63 miles. This is the route over which the Barlow ..v. 
Sanderson company propose to put a line of daily six-horse coaches. 



COLORADO. 123 

Another route, but the longest from Buena Vista, is to follow 
the river down to the mouth of Chalk creek, 8 miles, thence up 
Chalk creek to Alpine, 15 miles; Alpine to Hillerton, via Chalk 
creek pass, iS. miles; total distance from Buena Vista to Hillerton, 
40 miles. From Alpine to Pitkin, 25 miles, a toll road is soon to be 
built. 

Another route from Buena Vista is to Alpine, 16 miles by stage, 
thence trail or buckboard 14 miles to Virginia City, at the head of 
Taylor park on Taylor river. 

CANON CITY, 
on the Denve- & Rio Grande railway, 40 miles from Pueblo. The 
route from this place is as follows : Canon City to Texas creek, 2S 
miles; Texas creek to Cleora, 32 miles; Cleora to Poncha springs, 6 
miles; (daily stage runs from Canon City to this point), Poncha 
springs to Poncha pass toll gate, 4 miles ; toll gate to Marshall pass, 
7 miles; Marshall pass to Sargent's, 13 miles; Sargent's to Owen's, 73^ 
miles; Owen's to Parlin's, 121^ miles; Parlin's to Gunnison City, 12 
miles; total, Canon City to Gunnison City, 122 miles. 

CLEORA. 

This place is on the line of the Denver & Rio Grande railway 
now under construction, in the Arkansas valley, 60 miles north of 
Canon City, 25 miles south of Buena Vista on the Denver & South 
Park railroad. To the Gunnison country from this point the route 
is up the South Arkansas via Poncha springs and Camp Monarch, 
or Chaffee City, thence over to the headwaters of the Tumichi to 
Parlin's 43 miles, thence to Gunnison City 12 miles, Gunnison City 
to Ruby camp or Irwin 30 miles. Total 85 miles. 

Another route from Cleora is up the South Arkansas over Poncha 
pass to Saguache 40 miles, and then again over the Cochetopi pass 
to Gunnison City. Two new wagon routes have been surveyed and 
will be open for travel in the spring, one following up the head- 
waters of the South Arkansas over Weaver pass, and the other up 
Marshall creek and over the Marshall pass Jtoll road. 

These stages will be in operation as soon as the snow is off the 
mountains sufficiently (about June 1st,) and the passenger can then 
go either that way or he can buy a horse and ride up. If he intends 
to stay all season it is cheaper to buy a horse, together with an outfit. 



I2 4 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



The Sanderson stages are now running from Canon City and Ala- 
mosa as far as Cleora, but, as has been said, as soon as the snow is 
off they will be ruftning to Pitkin, Gunnison, Ruby Camp, and 
Gothic. 

Be sure and take a couple of blankets with you. No matter how 
long .r how short your intended trip is, you will need them and a 
good heavy overcoat. 




BULLION AND SILVER ORE. 



CHARACTER OF THE ORE. 
The ore varies in different camps. In Ruby camp it is ruby and 
brittle silver with some sulphurets; in Washington gulch, ruby silver 
and argentiferous galena; at the head of Slate river are galena oris; 
in Rock creek are galena ores; on East river are galena ores with 
some gray copper; on Copper creek are native silver, ruby, sulphu- 
rets, gray copper high in silver, and galena. Gray copper ore is found 



COLORADO. I25 

at the head of Maroon creek ; carhonates east of Gothic and Crested 
Butte on Spring creek, Cement creek, and Tin Cup gulch; galena 
and gray copper on all the Roaring forks; and heavy galena ore at 
the head of the Tumichi. Not much gold is found, but some is ob- 
tained in Washington gulch, Union park, and German flats, and on 
Quartz creek there is some gold-bearing quartz. 

PRINCIPAL POINTS. 
GUNNISON CITY. 

Gunnison City is the seat of the county ,and is at present, and prob- 
ably will be, the most important town. It is built of brick and 
frame houses, but many tents are required, since neither brick nor 
lumber can be obtained in sufficient quantities. Sawmills are being 
built, and many houses will be made of adobe. The population now 
is about 500, but this summer it will be 10,000. It has a paper, two 
hotels, stores, a school, a bank, a smelter, and a $14,000 court house 
in process of construction. The soil is dark and rich, and vegetation 
is even rank. Stock-raising is attracting some notice, and agriculture 
will ultimately be successful. Wheat grows fairly well, but the sea- 
son is too short. Barley, oats, potatoes, turnips, etc., grow excel- 
lently. 

There are really two towns, the new one, the railroad town, being 
a quarter of a mile west of the other. The principal feature of the 
town is its being the key to the rest of the country, and the distribut- 
ing point. Passengers have to go through it to get to Lake City, 
Ouray, and San Miguel, and it is the straight line to all those points 
from the railroad. 

There are no mines near it. The nearest are the coal beds, up 
Coal creek, fifteen miles away; and the nearest silver mines are at 
Pitkin, twenty-five miles, or at Washington gulch, East river, and 
Ruby camp, thirty miles each. 

The town is having a terrible "boom." Lots which last fall sold 
for $25 to $50 each, now sell for $500. Water, is obtained from the 
river, five miles away, and is brought down through a large ditch. 
Timber is rather scarce. 

The town is located at the junction of the Gunnison and Tumichi 
rivers, and not above the forks as some maps incorrectlv put it. The 
roads from it lead as follows: Up the Tumichi eastward to Pitkin, 
the Upper Tumichi and Marshal Pass; up the Gunnison to the Elk 



126 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



mountains via East river to Gothic City and Crested Butte, and by 
leaving East river fifteen miles north and turning hack to the Gun- 
nison to Hillerton, Virginia City, Cottonwood and Red Mountain 
passes; up the Ohio river northwesterly to Mount Carbon and Ruby 
camp, and down the Gunnison and southwesterly to Lake City, 
Ouray and the San Juan country generally. 

RUBY CAMP. 

Ruby camp is a little place of a dozen houses in the center of a 
rich mining district thirty miles from Gunnison, with a wagon road 
intervening. There is water and timber in abundance, and some- 




RUBY CAMP, ELK MOUNTAINS, COLORADO. 

times more of the former than is wanted. Anthracite coal is found 
near by, but the great attraction is the silver ore. Three great sil- 
ver mines, the Forest Queen with a five-foot pay streak, the Bullion 
King, with a pay streak eighteen inches wide, and the Lead Chief 
are located here; and there are also the Last Chance, Ruby King, 
Little Minnie, and many others of less note. They all run from 300 
to 500 ounces of ruby, brittle, wire, and native silver, and carry a 
good deal of zinc. 

The mines are at the head of Ohio and Coal creeks, with an elc- 



COLORADO. 



I2 7 



vation of about 9000 feet. The first ore was discovered June 5, 1S79, 
by James Brennand, on the Ruby Chief, and since that time nearly 
a thousand locations have been made. The camp has been so far 
very temperate, and no liquor has ever been sold in it. At the time 
of the Indian scare last year nearly every one got out, and but few 
have since gone back, but an effort will undoubtedly be made this 
summer to hold the camp to this principle. The place is but one 




UTE INDIANS, COLORADO. 

mile east of the Ute reservation, and was therefore in a dangerous 
location when the troubles broke out. The distance to Crested 
Butte is eight miles. 

PITKIN. 

Pitkin is a small town on Quartz creek, but is the center of one of 
the richest districts in Gunnison. Business is beginning to boom; 
town lots are going up in price, and two of them and a log cabin sold 
not long since for $1,200. 'Two steam mills and one water mill are 
at work, and lumber will soon be obtainable at reasonable figures. 
Buildings are going up very rapidly. Gold is found on Ohio creek, 
five miles away, but silver is its' mainstay. The best known veins 
are the Fairview, .Silver Islet, Silver Age, Terrible, Horrible, New 
Dollar, French First, Red Jacket, Black Cloud, Iron Cap and West- 
ern Hemisphere. The ores thus far found at Pitkin are easily 
treated, and are not what are properly termed dry ores. 

Distances: To Tumichi, 12 miles; Gunnison, 25; Alpine, 22 j 



128 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

Virginia, 12; Hillerton, 15; Gothic, 60; Ruby, 65; Buena Vista, 38 J 
Cleora, 36. 

GOTHIC. 

Gothic is on East river at the mouth of Copper creek, and had 
last fall a population of 1000 until the Indian scare, when the people 
left. They will go back soon, and many are in again by this time. 
Good mines are found on Copper gulch, and at the head of Copper 
creek is the famous Silvenite mine. The Dublin, Empire, Invincible, 
and Baltimore are also in that vicinity. Gothic is on the direct line 
to Rock creek. 

The Silvenite will be one of the wonderful mines of Colorado, if 
not in the United States. It was discovered by the Jennings 
brothers, May 28, 1879, and found to contain native silver, sulphu- 
rets, and ruby silver, running as high as 75 per cent, silver, with 
assays frequently over $1000 to the ton. It is owned by J. H. 
Haverly and other Chicago gentlemen, and is certain to prove a 
bonanza. 

Not long since a young man arrived in Gothic a stranger, and 
within four hours he had located a vein which assayed four hundred 
and seventy-six ounces on the surface, and at a depth of ten feet over 
two thousand ounces. He proposes to marry and live there ! 

Distances: To Alamosa, 165 miles; to Canon City, about 200; to 
Cottonwood Springs, 65; to Leadville via Red Mountrail, 75; to 
Crested Butte, 8. 

WASHINGTON GULCH 

heads at Baldy mountain, empties into Slate river, and is six miles 
long. It has been well known for placer working ever since the 
Pike's peak excitement, when men went over from California gulch 
and did fairly well. Mr. George W. McCay was the first, how- 
ever, to develop the silver lodes there. A Mr. McLaughlin and a 
negro opened silver claims in Rock creek the year before, but 
nothing was ever done with them. The development was made by 
Mr. McCay, and has resulted in the location of some of the best 
mines in Gunnison. The heaviest development was made last 
summer by Mr. McCay and his brother, and Messrs. Gavitt and 
Scott, of Topeka, after which the excitement occurred, and other 
discoveries were made. A company has been formed on the lodes 
located by Mr. McCay, known as the Elk Mountain Consoli- 



;ERE & CO., Moline, Ills. 



A. MANSUR, St. Louis, Mo. 



C. S. WHEELER, Kansas City, M 



Deere, Mansur & Co. 



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SOUTHWESTERN AGENCY FOR 




INCLUDING THE UNIVERSALLY KNOWN 



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AKTID CULTIVATORS. 

ALSO, DEALERS IN 

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arrying a very extensive Stock, comprising all grades and styles, from the m< 
reliable makers in the Country. 



ALL GOODS SOLD AT MANUFACTURER'S PRICES, AND FULLY WARRANTED, 

|fhe ffarmer'd pocket fpompanion, 

Valuable Pocket Book, containing much information useful to Western Farme 
and full description of Farm Machinery, will be sent free to any 
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OFFICE, SHOW ROOMS AND WAREHOUSES : 

Santa Fe, from Tenth to Eleventh Street* 

NEAR UNION PASSENGER DEPOT, 

KANSAS CITY, MO. 



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THREE GREAT CITIES OF THE WE 




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The entire trains, consisting of an entirely new and superior equipment of Baggage Cars 
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MEALS IN PALACE DINING CARS, 75 CENT 

For tickets and information apply at any Coupon Ticket Office in the United Statt 
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J. C. McMULLIN, General Manager, Chica 



COLORADO. 129 

dated Gold and Silver Mining company. The property consists of 
more than a dozen lodes, the Miner's Delight, the Highland, a 
northern extension of the first; Gipsey, Scott, a southern extension 
of the Gipsey; Jennie's favorite, Gavitt, Queen of the Elks, Mos- 
quito, Sailor Boy, Painter Boy, Fireman, a southern extension of 
the Painter Boy ; interests in the Baggageman, Opulent, and some 
others; and a tunnel site. These are all located in the Elk moun- 
tain district at the head of Washington gulch. Mr. C. S. Boutcher 
in a letter recently published, says of these mines: 

The main work is the tunnel to cut one of the lodes, the Miner's Delight, 
which is a true fissure vein with a four-foot crevice carrying argentiferous 
galena, ruby, britile, and native silver, giving assays from nine hundred and forty 
to five thousand ounces of silver to the ton. The tunnel cuts through solid 
porphyry and is now in two hundred and forty feet, and, according to calcula- 
tions, within fifteen feet of the first vein. The tunnel, after cutting this vein, 
will be run to another. The Gipsey, a four-foot vein, carries galena, sulphurets, 
brittle, and native silver, assaying from two hundred and fifty to one thousand 
to the ton, at a depth of fourteen feet. The Highland has a three-foot crevice 
and is sunk on sixteen feet. It has a pay streak from eight to ten inches, 
carrying argentiferous galena from five hundred and fifty to nine hundred 
ounces to the ton. The Sailor Boy lode has a shaft thirteen feet deep and a 
crevice with something over four feet of galena and brittle silver running from 
three hundred to five hundred ounces. The Baggageman is sunk upon fourteen 
feet, and has a four foot crevice, and carries galena, ruby, and native silver from 
five hundred to one thousand five hundred ounces to the ton. The Painter Boy 
has a crevice of three feet, is sunk upon thirteen feet, and carries galena, ruby, 
and native silver from five hundred and ninety-eight to one thousand two 
hundred ounces of silver. 

A paper has been started at Gunnison City, known as The News, 
of which Messrs. J. H. Haverly, C. S. Boutcher, E. A. Buck, and 
W. H. F. Hall are the editors and proprietors. It is a reliable source 
of information for all parts of Gunnison country. 

Mr. J. H. Haverly, one of the proprietors, is the Chicago gentle- 
man whose name is so well known in connection with amusement 
enterprises. He has purchased largely of city property in Gunni- 
son and other points in the country, and has invested very exten- 
sively in mining property in the same vicinity. He is as well posted 
from his own personal observation in regard to the Gunnison country 
as any man in the United States, and information from him may 
be obtained from the Haverly Mining Exchange, Chicago. 



I30 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

Washington gulch has no town within it yet, but one will have to 
be started this summer. Crested Butte is at the mouth of the gulch, 
where it empties into Slate river, and Gothic is three miles from the 
camp of mines just described. The other mines in that vicinity are 
the George Washington, half a mile north on Baldy mountain, the 
Betsey, and the Jersey Blue. Gold is still washed out of the gulch. 
Mr. Hayden, of Pleasant Valley, has a patent of fifty-seven acres, 
and is going back to work it this summer. Water is plenty for boom- 
ing and hydraulics in the fore part of the season, and there is plenty 
for cleaning after that. 

CRESTED BUTTE 
is twenty-eight miles from Gunnison, has two or three stores, a drug 
store, a smelter, and a population of about three hundred. The 
smelter and the location make the place. If you wish to go from 
Ruby to any of the other camps you must go by Crested Butte; it 
has a tri weekly mail, and the men from all the other camps go there 
for their letters. The town gets its name from a mountain about a 
mile and a quarter distant, a hill with a "crest" on it. No silver 
mines are there, the nearest being five miles away; but an eight-foot 
bituminous coal. bed is found, and there is placer-mining all the way 
up Washington gulch. It has an abundance of timber and good 
water from Coal creek. 

Distances: Crested Butte to Ruby City, 8 miles; Gothic City, 7; 
Washington gulch quartz mines, 9; Poverty gulch mines, 8; Cement 
creek, carbonates, 7; Rock creek smelters, 13. 

HILLERTON. 

is on Tin Cup gulch, a tributary to Taylor river, and just west of 
the Alpine district. It is a carbonate camp, and has a smelter, hotel, 
stores, saw mill, shingle mill, and two thousand acres of rich placer 
ground. 

The distances from Hillerton to other points in the Gunnison 
country are: To Gunnison City, 38 miles; Pitkin, 15; Howeville or 
Jack's cabin, 24; Crested Butte, 36. 

Virginia City is near Hillerton and is a carbonate camp also. It 
has a smelter. 

Red Cliff is a new camp on the Eagle river. About a dozen 
mines are located near it. 



COLORADO. I3I. 

VIEWS OF MEN WHO HAVE BEEN THERE. 
The following letter by Mr. C. S. Boutcher, an early pioneer in 
Gunnison, will be interesting: 

The topography of the mining belt may be likened to a fan. At the end of 
the handle is the town of Gunnison, in a spreading, level, commanding park. 
Thirty miles north of this is the town of Crested Butte, at the other end of the 
fan handle. From this latter general point as an apex the gulches that bear the 
precious metals radiate as the rays of a fan. First, to the south and east, is 
Copper creek, where the first rich discovery was made, May 28th, 1879, by the 
Jennings brothers, and named the "Silvenite," carrying native silver, sulphu- 
rets, arsenical iron and massive red or ruby silver, running from the hundreds 
to the thousands of dollars per ton. It is at present owned by Obadiah Sands, 
of Chicago, and two other parties associated with him, who purpose working it 
privately. It is a magnificent property. There are many other rich locations 
in this gulch of the above named ores; also of gray copper, galenas, etc. Next 
to the west, come the gulches of East river, and the head of Rock creek that 
have an abundant supply of low grade ore, galenas chiefly, carrying, say from 
fifty to one hundred and fifty ounces per ton. To the north and east of these 
are Rustler and Maroon, localities where very rich finds have been made. Again 
to the west is Washington gulch, whose little stream drew the gold hunters of 
i86o-'6i and which still generously pays those who wash in it. This gulch is 
destined for a bright future, and will draw a large settlement. At its head are 
the Betsey and Jersey Blue, locations made in 187S by the Dr. Jennings com- 
pany, of New Jersey, vast deposits of carbonates of lead and galena that give 
mill runs ranging about $200 silver and $30 gold to the ton. George McCay, 
of Topeka, and the old man Baxter also made locations in this gulch in '78 that 
are giving very handsome showings in the harder ores. Rich gold and silver 
lodes are in store for the fortunate prospector in Washington gulch. On its 
western " hog back " or divide are important deposits of both bituminous and 
anthracite coals. The next gulch to the west is Slate river, where there are 
many valuable new locations of galenas and carbonates and the harder quartz 
ores. Next to this, west, is Coal creek, the most important one in the district. 
The first discovery was made June 8, 1879, by the Iowa Smelting company, 
of seven lodes, carrying ruby silver, the average tests of which gave 1200 ounces 
to the ton. As soon as this became known it was the target of prospectors, and 
scarcely in mining history have such discovery and development been made as 
in three short months in this gulch. Hundreds of valuable locations have been 
made, and among them lodes that will challenge the world. The Forest 
Queen, located July 5th, carries massive ruby, native, and arsenical ores of from 
250 to 20,000 ounces to the ton. A mill run of the surface ore at Hill's Denver 
gave $1217 to the ton. The extensions to this lode' are the Mountain Gem to 
the north and the Ruby King to the south. The first two have been sold at 
large figures and the last named has great promise. The next equally impos- 
ing lodes are the Bullion King and Monte Christo, located July 8th, and carry- 
ing the same massive and rich ores. Each foot of development shows them 



I32 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

richer. Late in October the Bullion King lode, at a point 300 feet from the 
point of location, was uncovered and showed ruby and native silver richer than 
any yet found in the district. The next grand mine of this character is the 
Lead Chief. It is fairly developed, being opened at four points, showing a 
steady improvement and concentration of minor streaks and widening of main 
pay streak, as depth is gained, of from 3 inches at the surface, to 17 at the 
depth of 20 feet. The matter of this lode will steadily run from $500 to $1000 
to the ton. In another class of ores are the Big Bonanza, and Fourth of July, 
six-foot veins of carbonate of lead and galena, carrying from 30 to 100 ounces 
silver, and from one to three ounces of gold per ton. They come together as the 
prongs of a fork to its handle, into one grand lode of twelve feet of the same 
mineral, named Independence. I could name dozens of other important lodes, 
but have confined myself strictly to those whose development entitles them to 
be classed as the representative mines of the district and of the world. On the 
divide to the west, which separates this gulch from Ohio creek, are vast fields of 
bituminous and anthracite coal. An analysis of the bituminous coal made by 
Prof. Wm. M. Courtiss, the average of many tons gave: Water, 1.5 per cent; 
volatile, 22.8; carbon, 6S.7 per cent.; streak, almost black ash, 7 per cent. 
The coke amounts to 76 per cent., nearly, and contains 11.4 per cent, ash when 
the coal is picked. The anthracite is remarkably free from impurities — sulphur, 
slate and moisture — and leaves an ash of but 7 per cent. A wagon road from 
this gulch to Gunnison, twenty-five miles, and one to Crested Butte, seven 
miles, has been built. The line of the South Park railroad has been surveyed 
into the camp and contracts given out for grading, in the proposals for which 
rapidity of work was made an element for consideration over lowness of bids. 
The main nwn in the camp (Camp Ruby), has surveyed in and about it 480 
acres, the lots of which are all taken up, and rate at second hand from five to 
ten times the first cost. A postoffice is also in operation. 



SAN JUAN. 

The San Juan country includes the entire southwestern part of 
Colorado south of the Gunnison country and west of the Continen- 
tal divide and the Rio Grande river, and is made up of Hinsdale, 
Rio Grande, San Juan, La Plata, Conejos, and Ouray counties and 
the San Luis park. It has an area of fifteen thousand square miles. 
The silver belt is from twenty to forty miles wide, and over a hund- 
red miles long. The development of the country has always been 
hindered by the snow, or cold, or Indians, but the railway which is 
as far as Alamosa, is counteracting the first two difficulties, and the 
last one is disappearing of itself. 

The mineral veins lie almost wholly upon the Pacific slope, so 



COLORADO. I33 

far as yet discovered, and there are good geological reasons for 
believing that comparatively few extensive lodes will be found within 
a large area to the eastward. At the same time it must be confessed 
that some of the most promising veins along the Animas river have 
been opened in quite similar situations. Nearly the whole of the 
district is occupied by a deposit thousands of feet in thickness, 
consisting in the main of a dense trachy tic porphyry, some portions 
northward having porphyrytic tendencies, being in some respects 
similar to the porphyrytic which is common on the Comstock lode 
in Nevada. Southward and eastward the rock is more basaltic in 
character, and granite, limestone and other rocks are associated with 
it. In this latter district occur the carbonates of the Dolores river, 
which have been the exciting cause of the growth of the promising 
new camp of Rico. 

The geological formation is as remarkable. Hills, mountains, and 
tocks are .thrown on end, jumbled together, and placed in the most 
chaotic positions. The mountains contain innumerable silver veins 
which crop out in the most startling manner, as in New Mexico 
and Arizona; and their width and richness are astonishing. 

RIO GRANDE COUNTY 
has both a level and a mountainous surface. Its county seat is Del 
Norte, located on the Rio Grande at the point where it leaves the 
mountains and enters the plains. The county contains several 
mining districts, but the most important so far is the gold-bearing 
portion of the Summit mountains. In fact, the richest gold district 
in the southern part of the state is on South mountain in the Summit 
range, twenty-six miles south of Del Norte. Its principal drawbacks 
are the severe climate, the heavy snows, and the 1 2,000 feet altitude. 
The summers are very short, and the roads blocked with snow a 
good part of the year. But there is a heavy gold district in that 
vicinity. In 1873 the first discoveries were made by two men, Peter- 
son and Brandt, and great excitement was produced in Pueblo and 
Denver. Prospectors went over during that -summer, a great many 
locations were made, and since that time work has been carried on 
with more or less regularity all the time. The mineral is in veins, 
the rock is a kind of porphyry, and the main lode runs diagonally 
across the mountain, with numerous spurs. The locations on it are 
the Little Annie, the Odin, the Golden Queen, and the San Juan 



1^4 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

Consolidated companies. The first ore taken out had to be transported 
on mules and by teams to Canon City, and thence to Golden, three 
hundred and fifty miles away, but a fine stamp mill is now there. In 
less than two years the Little Annie yielded $165,000, and up to the 
present it has given out nearly $350,000. The San Juan Consoli- 
dated company has low grade ore, averaging $7 per ton, but 
immense quantities of it. 

HINSDALE COUNTY 
is the most easterly of the silver districts. Lake City is the county 
seat, and is located at the junction of the Little Fork of the Gunnison 
and Hensen creek. Two smelters are in operation there. The 
scenery at this place is grand, and resembles that of Georgetown. 
A great number of silver lodes are to be found in the mountains 
near by, some of which have already been worked, but many more 
are yet to be discovered. 

Up to five years ago the richest mines found hardly paid, the dis- 
tance from reduction works being so great, but since the erection of 
the smelters the lodes are very profitable. Prominent among the 
mines in the county are the Ute, the Ule, the Dolly Varden, the 
Big Casino, Belle of the East, Belle of the West, Cora, East Boston, 
and Little- Chief. The ores in this county yield from $50 to $100, 
$200 and even $600 per ton. 

SAN JUAN COUNTY 
is the best developed of all in the country. It is the junction of sev- 
eral large ranges, and the source of five or six streams, so that it is 
well adapted for a rich section. The North Star, the Terrible, the 
Mountaineer, the Philadelphia, the Pride of the West, and other 
well known mines are in this county, and Poughkeepsie gulch has a 
reputation almost national. It has two hundred and fifty lodes 
on which assessment work is done annually, and five or six of them 
pay handsomely. Aspen or Hazelton mountain has produced more 
ore than any other part of the county, having put out in four years 
$165,000. Its vein averages ten inches in width. Between the 
Animas river and Cunningham gulch is King Solomon mountain, 
whose name is suggestive of its richness. The North Star mine, on 
this elevation, has a width of forty feet. The vein can be seen for 
two miles, and traced for three. Lieut. Gov. Tabor, of Colorado, 
is a heavy owner in this district. 



COLORADO. 135 

Silverton is the county seat of San Juan county, and is the center 
of a large business. 

OURAY COUNTY 

is on the Pacific slope of the range, and is the northwestern part of 
the San Juan country. It is cut up with precipices, gorges, deep 
ravines, and perpendicular mountains, so that its inaccessibility has 
retarded its development. A railway into it has been projected. 
Among the prominent mines are the Begole " mineral farm," com- 
prising four claims, forty acres, of very rich veins. They carry 
galenas, gray copper, and sulphurets, which run from one hundred 
to seven hundred ounces per ton. Mount SnefHes district is near the 
town of Ouray, and is the location of the Virginius, Yankee Boy, 
Wheel of Fortune, Terrible, Security, Hidden Treasure, Silver 
Queen, and other rich lodes. The San Miguel district is on the 
mountains and streams of that part of the country west of Ouray and 
Mount SnefHes, and on the San Miguel river. It is aboufc forty 
miles wide and seventy miles long. Placer mining pays well in it, 
and is much worked. Silver lodes are also found there and in the 
Turkey creek, Howard's fork and other districts near by. A part 
of the county which is just now attracting much attention is the 
Dolores, further west. The new town of Rico has met with a veri- 
table boom. It is a carbonate camp of the first class. Not less than 
twenty-five productive mines are ready to deliver ore to the smelters, 
a town site has been surveyed and platted, the lots for business 
purposes command good prices, a hotel is about going up, a new 
smelter f owned by an Elgin, 111., company is about to go in, and 
there is every indication of prosperity for all. 
LA PLATA COUNTY 
is in the extreme southwest corner of the state, is rich in coal, silver 
veins, gold placers, and fertile valleys. Farming and stock growing 
are very successful. When a railroad from the east comes in, La 
Plata will be the smelting point for San Juan mines. 

The area of coal land is more than six hundred square miles, with 
the vein from ten to sixty feet thick. It is semi-bituminous, and bet- 
ter than any thus far discovered in the west except the Trinidad 
coal. In the southwestern corner are the famous ruins of cities and 
towns, built by an extinct people. They are found at intervals over 
an area of six thousand square miles, and are classified by W. H. 



i$6 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



Holmes in the Hayden government survey report as lowland or 
agricultural settlements, largely composed of rubble and adobe com- 
bined, cave dwellings, and cliff houses or fortresses. Most of the lat- 
ter are of massive character, and must have been built by a race 
far superior to the savage tribes which have lately occupied those 
regions. 

ITS DRAWBACKS AND ADVANTAGES. 

That San Juan has had its drawbacks no one can pretend to deny, 
but a thorough mining and engineering expert, writing recently 
from the San Juan country to The Engineering and Mining your- 
na/, says concerning the general improvement: 

From all points comes news of a great awakening to the prospective value of 
this region as a field for the investment of capital in honest and profitable 
mining industry. Not only is every one hereabouts who holds claims planning 
to add more to the list in early spring, but all San Juan residents who are 
spending the winter outside will return as soon as the season will permit, fol- 
lowed by large numbers of prospectors and investors, eager to be first on the 
ground. What with our rapidly approaching railroad, the increased facilities 
for stage travel, and mail and telegraphic communication, together with the 
expected additions to our working force, we shall soon be able to offer capital- 
ists fully as great inducements, to say the least, as they will meet in any other 
mining district. There is no region in the world, probably, that has so many 
rich veins, as well exposed for examination and development, as this area in 
southwestern Colorado. As yet, the surface has only been skimmed, and no 
doubt many of the best properties are still unknown. The bullion product of 
San Juan last year, all told, was less than half the yield of single mines in some 
other parts of the state ; but this, to persons well conversant with the facts in 
the case, merely indicates the truth of my previous statement. It would be a 
most interesting and instructive matter to make a careful comparison of reliable 
statistics concerning both the yield of our district, year by year, and the cost of 
marketing this product. This is a subject which has claimed much of my 
attention for nearly a year, and, although I am unprepared to deal with exact 
figures, there is every reason to believe that the conclusions here given are in 
the main correct. Without entering into details, or explaining minutely the 
process by which I have arrived at my opinions, let me simply present the fol- 
lowing generalizations, as texts for some further remarks upon the present con- 
dition and future capabilities of this portion of the state: 

i. There has been, from the first, a gradually increasing output, the produc- 
tion of each succeeding year being proportionately much larger than the year 
before. 

2. By increase of facilities for transportation, but more than all by increased 
competition among ore-purchasers, higher prices have been paid each year in a 
rapidly rising ratio ; hence : 



COLORADO. 137 

3. The profit on mining work has been increased in almost double propor- 
tion, by enabling every dollar of investment to earn more, both by better 
returns received for ore of grades previously marketed and by providing a 
market for certain classes of ore previously unprofitable. Again, as a result of 
the same cause, — 

4. Some mines, formerly unprofitable, have been enabled to work without 
loss, thus each year adding to the substantial development of the region. 

5. The ratio of addition to capital invested has been even more progressive 
than the ratio of added product. This fact may seem rather against than in 
favor of the region; but in reality, as I shall presently show, it is the result of 
causes which do not in any degree affect the real value of the country, because 
there is abundant proof that, — 

6. While there has, perhaps, been more money lost than made in mining in 
this section, pvery dollar invested in the mines that have been successful has 
returned a liberal profit; and — 

7. Almost every unsuccessful mining enterprise has failed through lack of 
strict business integrity or of professional skill. 

I am confident that the above statements are based upon adequate facts, and 
that they will be accepted as fair by all who are competent to judge of their 
worth. 

The first conclusion is self-evident, being acknowledged even by the most 
jealous advocates of other districts, and it is fully supported by official statistics. 

There has been some change in the character of economy of transportation 
with each recurring summer. At first only the high-grade ore could be 
marketed, as the pack-train was the only means of transport, and the reducing 
works were fully 250 miles away. Another drawback was the lack of lead in 
the marketable grades, and the absence of non-smelting reducing plants, even 
at this distance. One year brought the railroad more than 100 miles nearer, 
then came a wagon-road gradually approaching, until last summer the former 
could be reached over the latter in less than 150 miles. The reduction plants 
have followed the other improvements and brought the markets themselves 
almost to our doors, and now the distant works and the transporters must com- 
bine their efforts and afford new competition for local smelters, while other 
forms of mills and furnaces give new impetus to the producer by furnishing 
better means of utilizing his ores which are poor in lead. Next summer, new 
works will further increase this competition, and add directly to the miner's 
profits. The railroad will be at the gate ere another year, and then will be seen 
what enterprise can do in a country which has produced its half a million, with 
all its disadvantages, and with its meager population. 

Statements 6 and 7, above, sufficiently explain 'the seeming paradox in the 
fifth generalization. I am not making a mere rough " guess," but am well sus- 
tained by actually observed facts, when I express the opinion that there has 
been no good reason (the mine alone considered) for failure of one-fifth of the 
enterprises which have been unsuccessful in this region. Such is my firm and 
well-founded belief in the intrinsic value of the multitude of veins in the San 



I38 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

Juan country. From my personal knowledge of the mines, and of the negotia- 
tion and after-management to which they are subjected, I do not hesitate to 
state that more than four-fifths of the money already wasted hereabouts can yet 
be returned to the stockholders, with liberal interest, if lhey will look upon the 
matter in the light of a true business transaction, and employ skilled labor from 
the start. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

HOW TO PROSPECT. 

To a man who has never been in the mountains, the following 
suggestions as to prospecting will be valuable: 

Procure in some good town near the mountains, an " outfit." This 
consists of one or two horses, mules, jacks, or other pack and riding 
animals — if you get two, you can ride; if but one, you mu*st walk — 
and a coffee pot, frying pan, bucket, tin cup, plate, knife, fork, provi- 
sions, such as canned meat, bread, hams, butter, sugar, condensed 
milk, etc., pick, shovel, powder and fuse, a set of hand drills, oats 
and feed for the horse, and so on; any outfitting store will tell a man 
what he needs, and more too. He should also understand how to 
make at least a blow-pipe assay. The charge for assays bv profes- 
sionals is $2 to $3. If a man knows nothing about it he will have 
to send to a town every time he wants rock tested, and it becomes 
expensive. A simpler but very imperfect means of assaying car- 
bonates is given on another page.* 

Having procured his outfit, the prospector goes up into the moun- 
tains, and keeps a close lookout for " indications." Sometimes the 
vein "crops out," that is, projects above the surface of the rock or is 
even with it, so a person walking will see it. But the man must 
watch for appearances of ore, so as to distinguish it from ordinary 
-tone. This is quite easily gathered. A man can readily tell that 



* A good work to teach ore assaying is " Rickett's Notes on Assaying, and Assay Schemes." 
John Wiley & Son, publishers, New V'ork. OKI miners recommend it as the best. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 139 

ore is ore, although he may not be able to tell whether it is rich 
or worthless. 

Where the veins are not visible, he must watch for " float," or 
" blossom " rock, that is, pieces of the ore which have broken off 
from the ledge and rolled down the hill. When he finds such pieces, 
he goes up the hill looking for them, until he does not find any more, 
and then he knows that he is too high. He approximates the loca- 
tion, and digs a ditch through the surface to bed-rock, running it as 
nearly as he can judge perpendicular to the line of the vein. After 
a time he^comes to the vein itself, when he makes an assay, deter- 
mines whether it is worth keeping, and, if so, stakes off" his claim, 
and gets a government assay and survey. He has then to do a cer- 
tain amount of excavating, known as " assessment " work, and in 
going down he will need his powder and fuse for blasting. 

The following are also excellent suggestions to prospectors. They 
are from Blake's " Hand Book of Colorado" : 

i. Examine the gravel and boulders of the mountain streams, and note care- 
fully the structure apd character of the gravel wash. This will reveal the 
geological formations that are intersected by the stream. Try the sands at the 
head of the gravel bars for free gold, or for any crystallized minerals. If the 
structure of the quartz boulders or other vein stones are favorable, go up the 
stream until the geological zone is found that has produced the quartz or other 
metal-bearing minerals. Then follow the supposed metal-bearing zone on its 
line of strike, and make especially careful examinations wherever eruptive 
dykes are found intersecting the formation. 

2. When a lode or vein is found, note carefully its relation to the country 
rock, especially any differences in the opposite walls of the vein. Then follow 
it on the line of outcrop, and note carefully those points where the best ores are 
seen, so as to determine the position of the best ore chutes before making any 
location on the lode. 

3. The first work should consist of shallow cuts across the lode at intervals 
of 50 to 100 feet, or if the vein is small and partially covered by soil and debris, 
a trench along the line of outcrop is preferable. If the surface tracing is satis- 
factory, and the true line of strike has been determined, then survey your claim 
and stake off the boundaries according to the requirements of the United States 
laws. 

4. The work of exploring the vein under ground is the next thing in order. 
To do this intelligently you must select that point on the line of outcrop where 
the best ore is found, then sink a shaft on the lode following the angle of dip, 
keeping both foot wall and hanging wall exposed if possible. If the lode is too 
wide for this to be done, then follow the best ore streak of the vein itself, and at 
every fifty feet in depth make cross cuts to the walls of the vein. 

5. .After 100 feet deep has been reached, run levels each way from the shaft 



140 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

on the line of the vein in order to determine the extent or spread of the ore 
chute or chimney on the horizontal line. When the limit of the ore body on 
the horizontal line has been ascertained then sink ioo feet more and drift right 
and left as before. If more than one chimney of ore is found on the line of the 
vein, a shaft should be sunk on it, and drifts run as above stated, being careful 
to confine all the exploring work within the walls of the vein itself. 

6. When enough has been done to prove the character, size and quality of 
the vein, it will then be time to determine the position, character and extent of 
the " dead-work " necessary to work the mine to the deep. These questions 
should be settled by careful surveys made in the light of all the local facts and 
surroundings, such as the geological structure of the country rock, the probable 
amount of water to be raised, the lowest point of drainage by adit or level, and 
the most convenient point for delivery of the ores to the surface, etc. 

The last part of the preliminary exploration of any mine is to determine, by 
actual tests, what are the best methods of reduction, and the extent and kind of 
reduction works needed, etc. 

7. After all these preliminary facts have been thoroughly ascertained and 
clearly defined, the unavoidable risks of mining will have been fully met and 
overcome. All subsequent operations are simply matters of skill and business 
management, and the capitalizing of the mine becomes a mere matter of busi- 
ness detail. 

The requirements are as follows: 

1. The preliminary exploration must Mlve ore enough cut and under-run, or 
otherwise exposed, to give at least two years' work for reduction work of an 
extent sufficient for the annual average output of ore. 

2. The reduction works must be suited for the best treatment of the ore. 

3. The exploration of the mine must be pushed ahead of the extraction of 
ore, so as to expose at least one ton of ore in new ground for every ton extracted 
from the previously explored ground. 

4. Before erecting reduction works, the ore exposed in the mine should be 
so thoroughly tested as to guarantee a net profit sufficient to pay the whole cost 
of such works. 

5. The mine being well opened, and the reduction works, or plant, estab- 
lished, the general success of the enterprise must depend upon the efficiency of 
the general business management. 



TO ASSAY CARBONATES. 

To assay carbonate of silver and lead, take the mineral or quartz, pulverize it, 
put it in a crucible or a common clay pipe, put in as much common salt as 
mineral; let it come to a boil. When it cools the silver and lead will be in the 
bottom, silver the lowest. To separate the lead from the silver put it in a bone 
dvist cup and melt; the lead will absorb into the cup, leaving the silver and gold, 
to separate the latter boil it in nitric acid and this will leave the gold* 



MISCELLANEOUS. 141 

ALTITUDES. 

TABLE 
SHOWING THE PRINCIPAL ALTITUDES IN COLORADO. 



FEET. 

Alma 10,453 

Arapahoe Peak. . . 13,520 
Arkansas Divide . 7,500 
Agency Peak .... 12,120 

Alamosa. 7,000 

Animas City 6,850 

Animas Forks. .. .11,200 
Antelope Park . . , 9,000 
Argentine Pass. . .13,100 

Baldy Peak 14,176 

Bakersville 9,753 

Bald Mountain. .11,493 
Bergen's Peak.... 9,773 

Bent's Fork 3,9 2 3 

Bergen's Ranche. . 7,752 
Berthoud's Pass.. 11,462 

Black Hawk 7>975 

Boulder 5,53° 

Boulder Pass n,6i3 

Breckenridge 9)49° 

Buffalo Springs. . . 8,719 
Blanca Peak ..... 14,413 
Beaver Brook .... 6,175 

Bison Peak 12,400 

Bradford Junction. 8,069 
Buckskin Mt'n . . . 14,022 
Buffalo Peaks . . . .13,541 
Capitol Mountain. 13,997 
Conejos Peak . . . .13,183 

Costilla Peak 12,634 

Crestone Peak. . . .14,233 

Cuchara 5,900 

Cuieiara Peak . . . .14,079 
Carbonateville. . . . 9,800 

Castle Peak 1 4, 1 1 5 

Chicago Lakes. . . 1 1,500 

Centreville 7,800 

Cleora 6,500 

Conejos 7,880 

Canon City 5,260 

Caribou 9>9°5 

Central 8,300 

Colorado City. . . . 6,342 
Colorado Springs . 5,990 
Cunningham Pass. 12,090 

Dayton 9,44 x 

Deer Trail 5,087 

Del Norte 7.75° 



FEET. 

Denver 5*240 

Divide. 7o°° 

Egeria Park 7, 500 

EI Moro 5,95o 

Empire §,583 

Estes Park 7,500 

Evans 4,745 

Freeman's Peak.. 11, 700 

Fort Collins 4,966 

Fairplay 9)964 

Fall River 7>7 X 9 

First View 4>479 

Fisher's Peak 9,400 

Fort Garland. . . . 7,945 

Fort Lyon 3,784 

Galena Mountain. 13,290 

Georgia Pass 1 1,487 

Glacier Peak 12,654 

Golden Peak 9,650 

Grand Lake S>!53 

Granite 8,883 

Grizzly Peak 13,956 

Golden 5,729 

Golden Gate 6,226 

Gold Hill 8,463 

Granada 3,485 

Gray's Peak I 4- 2 5 I 

Green Lake 10,000 

Greeley 4,779 

Georgetown 8,530 

Helmet Peak 12,042 

Hesperis Peak. . . .13,135 

Hartsels §,700 

Handie's Peak. . . . 13,997 
Hague's Peak. . . . 13,832 

Hunt's Peak 12,446 

Hamilton 9,743 

Hamilton Pass. . .12,370 

Hillerton 7,000 

Hoosier Pass ii,3H 

Horseshoe Mount. 13,806 

Hot Springs 7,725 

Howardsville .... 9,700 

Hughes 5)°7° 

Hugo 4,952 

Italian Peak I 3>35° 

Idaho Springs 7,535 

Irwin's Peak 14,192 



FEET. 

Jamestown 7,123 

Jones' Pass r3 ?5i3 

James' Peak 13,280 

Julesburg 3,500 

Kenosha Pass. .. .10,226 
Kenosha Cone. . . .12,469 
Kenosha Summit. 10,139 

Kelso Cabin 10,893 

Kokomo 9,700 

Kit Carson's Peak. 14,100 

Leadville 10,247 

La Veta 6,96s 

Longmont 4>957 

Lost Fork Peak . . 12,200 
Lillie's Mount. . . .11,433 

Littleton 5,362 

Lone Cone 12 500 

Lake City 8,550 

La Plata Mount. .14,311 

Long's Peak 14,271 

Los Pinos 9,290 

Malta 9,700 

Maroon Mountain, 14,003 

McNassers 8,153 

Monument 7,020 

Manitou 6,357 

Massive Mount. . . 14,368 

Montezuma I °, II 3 

Middle Boulder . . 8,067 
Middle Park (av).. 8,500 

Mineral City 11,500 

Morrison 5,9 22 

Mt. Hamilton . . . .13,800 

Mt. ^Eolus 14,054 

Mt. Arkansas .... 13,647 

Mt. Bvers 12 >77& 

Mt. Kendall 13,380 

Mt. Morrison 7,903 

Mt. Holy Cross. . . 14,176 

Mt. Powell 13,398 

Mt. Ouray x 4,°43 

Mt. Rito Alto 12,989 

Mt. Princeton . . . .14,196 

Mt. Wilson 14,280 

Mt. Audubon 13,402 

Mt. Cameron 14,000 

Mt. Elbert 14.351 

Mt. Evans I 4,33o 



143 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



Mt. Flora 

Mt Guyot 

Mt. Harvard.* 

Mt. Lincoln 

Mt. Rosalie 

Mt. Vernon 

Mt. Wright 

Mt Yale 

Mt. Sneffels 

Nederland 

Northern Palisade 

Nevada 

North Park (av.). . 

Oro City 

Osborn's Lake. . . . 

Ouray 

Pagosa Springs. . . 

Pagosa Peak 

Pidgeon's Peak . . . 
Park View Peak. . 

Prospect Hill 

Parrott City 

Purgatory Peak . . 

Parry's Peak 

Pike's Peak 

Platteville 



FEET. 
12,878 
13.565 
H.375 
14,296 

I4.340 
6,421 

n,Soo 

14,187 

1 4. 158 

8,263 

8,2 150 

8,800 

9,000 

10,704 

8,821 

7,640 

6,800 

12,674 

'4,054 

12,433 

8,893 

8,611 

13,719 
i3,i'33 
H.H7 
4,900 



FEET. 

Pueblo 4,703 

Puncha Pass 8,600 

Quandary Peak. . . 14,269 

Queen's Park 7,554 

Rosita 8,500 

Ralston Buttes. . . 10,590 

Rollinsville 8,323 

Rio Grande Pymdi3,773 
Red Cloud Peak. .14,092 

Raton Pass 7i770 

South Boulder P'k 8,533 

Sugar Loaf 8,933 

San Luis Peak. . . .14,100 

Silver Cliff 8,500 

Snow Mass M't'n. 13,961 
Stewart's Peak. . .14,032 
Squaw Mountain. 11,733 
Summit Peak . . . .13,303 
Shavano Peak .... 14. 239 
Simpson Peak. , . .14,055 

Sagauche.'. 7,745 

SaltWorks S,826 

Sangre deCristo Ps 9,454 
San Luis Valley. . 6,400 
Silverheel M't'n . .13,650 
Silverton 9,400 



FEET. 

Snowy Range.. . .11,700 

Sopris' Peak 12,972 

South Park (av.). . 9,500 

St. John 10,625 

St. V rain's. 5,250 

Sultan Mount . . . .13,336 
Teoculli Mountain. 13,1 13 
Trinchera Peak . . . 13,540 

Torry's Peak H-336 

Tarryall 9,943 

The Chief 1 1,000 

Trinidad 6, 100 

Twin Lakes 9,182 

Uncompahgre Ag. 6,402 

Uncompahgre P'k. 14,235 

" Park (av) 7,200 

Ute Pass 11,200 

Ute Peak 9,664 

Venao Peak 1 2,800 

Veta Pass 9,34° 

Vealie's Peak . . . .13,450* 
Vasquez Pass . . . .11,500 
White River Ag'cy 6,490 

Webster SM56 

Weston's Pass. . . .11,676 
Whale Peak 13,104 



The following shows some 

ALTITUDES OUTSIDE OF COLORADO. 





FEFT. 




FEET. 


Albuquerque, N. M 


5,032 


Laramie City,Wy. 


7,!23 




6,041 




730 


Creston,U. P. R.R 


7,030 




7S7 


Deadwood Citv . . . 


4,42.5 


Las Vegas, N. M.. 


6,418 


El Paso,N.M 


3,800 


Mt. Hayden, Wy. . 


13,858 




4,519 


Mt. Ranier, Ore.. 


14,444 


Ft. Pierre 


1,5^8 


Mt. Whitney, Cal. 


15,000 


Ft. Wallace 


3,203 


North Platte, Neb. 


2,789 




4,296 




4,34° 




648 




1,300 



FEET. 

Sacramento, Cal ... 56 

Salt Lake City 4,351 

Santa Fe, N. M. . . .6,000 

Sherman, Wy 8,242 

St. Louis 408 

St. Paul, Minn 800 

Topeka 788 

Virginia City 5,77s 



DISTANCES. 

The following table shows the distances from Denver, and the 
quickest routes except by trails: 



MILES. 

Alma 99 

Alpine 250 

Animas Forks 387 

Black Hawk 37 

Boulder . 43 

Breckenridge 98 



MILES. 

Burroughs' P'k. .... .380 

Canon City 160 

Caribou 65 

Central 38 

Cleora 216 

Colorado Springs. .. . 77 



MILES. 

Conejos 270 

Cucharas 169 

Del Norte 290 

Divide 52 

Dudley 100 

El Moro 206 



MISCELLANEOUS. 



H3 



MILES. 

Estes Park 76 

Eureka 394 

Fairplay 93 

Ft. Collins 86 

Garland 220 

Georgetown 52 

Golden 16 

Gold Hill 54 

Gothic 317 

Granite 133 

Greeley 52 

Gunnison City 285 

Hamilton 84 

Hot Sulphur Springs. 98 



MII.ES. 

Howardsville 400 

Idaho Springs 40 

Jamestown 54 

Lake City 375 

Longmont 56 

Magnolia. 51 

Manitou 80 

Montezuma 82 

Morrison 16 

Nederland 61 

Nevada 39 

Oro City 138 

Ouray 425 

Parrott City 466 



MILES. 

Pitkin 285 

Pueblo 120 

Rollinsville . ". 40 

Rosita 90 

Ruby Camp 297 

Sagauche 260 

Santa Fe 421 

Silverton .406 

So. Arkansas 225 

Sunshine 51 

Trinidad. .*f 211 

Uncompahgre Agcy..420 

Veta Pass 206 

White River Ag'cy. .238 



VALUE OF GOLD DUST. 

The following table shows the value of any number of ounces, 
pennyweights or grains, of gold dust at any price from $16 to $23 
per ounce: 



No. 


$16.00 


$17.00 


$18.00 


$19.00 


$20.00 


$21.00 


$22.00 


$23.00 


per oz. 


per oz. 


per oz. 


per oz. 


per oz. 


per oz. 


per oz. 


per oz. 


1 


16 


17 


18 


IQ 


20 


21 


22 


24 


2 


32 


34 


36 


38 


40 


42 


44 


46 


3 


4 S 


5i 


54 


57 


60 


63 


66 


69 


4 


64 


6S 


72 


7o 


80 


84 


88 


92 


5 


80 


35 


90 


95 


100 


io 5 


1 10 


"5 


6 


96 


102 


108 


114 


120 


126 


l 3 2 


138 


7 


112 


119 


126 


133 


140 


H7 


154 


161 


8 


128 


136 


144 


1 5 2 


160 


168 


176 


184 


9 


144 


153 


162 


171 


180 


189 


198 


207 


10 


160 


170 


180 


190 


200 


210 


220 


230 



PENNYWEIGHTS. 



I 


80 


85 


90 


95 


100 


105 


no 


"5 


2 


160 


175 


180 


190 


200 


210 


220 


230 


3 


240 


255 


170 


285 


300 


3i5 


330 


345 


4 


320 


340 


360 


380 


400 


420 


440 


460 


5 


400 


425 


45° 


475 


500 


525 


550 


575 


6 


480 


5io 


54° 


57o 


600 


630 


660 


690 


7 


560 


595 


' 630 


665 


700 


735 


770 


805 


8 


640 


680 


720 


760 


800 


840 


880 


920 


9 


720 


765 


810 


8.55 


900 


945 


990 


io35 


10 


800 


850 


900 


95° 


1000 


1050 


1 100 


1 150 



144 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



I 


3K 


- 3^ 


3^ 


, 


41-6 


aVi 


4^ 


4^ 


2 


6^ 


7 


VA 


8 


8^ 


8 2 A 


9 


9^ 


3 


IO 


io# 


11% 


12 


12^ 


13 


13^ 


HX 


4 


nVz 


H 


15 


16 


16^ 


17^ 


18 


19 


5 


i*X 


17^ 


I8# 


20 


20 5-6 


2i54 


22^ 


23^ 


6 


20 


21 


22K 


2 4 


25 


26 


27 


28^ 


7 


23^ 


24^ 


26^ 


28 


29 1-6 


30^ 


3i^ 


33^ 


8 


26g 


28 


30 


3 2 


33^ 


34 2 X 


36 


38 


9 


30 


3i^ 


33^ 


36 


37^ 


39 


40^ 


42^ 


IO 


33 K 


35 


37 K 


40 


V 2 A 


43K 


45 


47K 




THE MINING LAWS. 

The mining laws of the United States are, of course, supreme in 
all the states and territories, and any laws made by other corporate 
bodies must keep within those boundaries. A state or territory can 
make its own laws, but not to conflict with a national law. All val- 
uable mineral deposits of lands belonging to the United States are 
free and open to exploration and purchase, and the lands in which 
they are found, to occupation and purchase by citizens of the United 
States and those who have declared their intention to become such, 
under regulations prescribed by law and according to the local 
customs or rules of miners, so far as they are applicable and not 
inconsistent with the laws of the United States. A mining claim, 
whether located by one or more persons, may equal, but shall not 
exceed, one thousand five hundred feet in length along the vein or 
lode, and no claim shall extend over three hundred feet on each side 
of the middle of the vein at the surface, nor shall any claim be limited 
by any mining regulations to less than twenty-five feet on each side 
of the middle of the vein on the surface. No location of a mining 
claim shall be made until the discovery of a vein or lode within the 
limits of the claim located. The locators, so long as they comply 
with the laws, and state, territorial and local regulations, have the 
exclusive right of possession and enjoyment of all the surface included 
within the lines of their locations, and of all veins, lodes and ledges 
thi-oughout their entire depth, the top or apex of which lies inside of 
such surface lines extended downward vertically, although such 
veins, lodes or ledges may so far depart from a perpendicular in 
their course downward as to extend outside the vertical side-lines of 
said surface locations; provided that their right of possession to such 
outside parts of such veins or ledges shall be confined to such portions 
thereof as lie between vertical planes drawn downward through the 
end-lines of their locations, so continued in their own direction that 
they will intersect such exterior parts of said veins or ledges. Where 

(145) 



!^6 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

a vein or lode is known to exist within the boundaries of a placer 
claim, an application for a patent, which does not include an applica- 
tion for the vein or lode claim, is construed as a conclusive declaration 
that the claimant of the placer claim has no right of possession of 
the vein or lode claim ; but where the existence of a vein or lode 
in a placer claim is not known, a patent for the latter includes all 
valuable mineral or ore deposit within the boundaries thereof. 
Where two or more veins intersect, priority of title governs, and the 
prior location is entitled to all ore or mineral contained within the 
space of intersection. Where a tunnel is run for the development of 
a vein or lode, or for the discovery of mines, the owner of such 
tunnel has the right of possession of all veins or lodes within three 
thousand feet from the face of such tunnel or the line thereof, not 
previously known to exist and discovered in the tunnel, to the same 
extent as if discovered from the surface ; and locations, on the line of 
such a tunnel, of veins or lodes not appearing on the surface, made by 
other parties after the commencement of the tunnel, and while the 
same is being prosecuted with reasonable diligence, are invalid. 
Any three miners, in a part of the country which has not been dis- 
tricted, can form a mining district, and make such laws as the cir- 
cumstances of the mineral and the district require. They can enact 
that the size of claims, located after the formation of the district, 
shall be less than six hundred by fifteen hundred feet, but they 
cannot reduce the width to less than twenty-five feet, nor can they 
alter the size of claims located prior to the formation of the district. 
When they form, they place on file in the county recorder's office, a 
description of the territory intended to be included in the district. 
Each claim must have $100 worth of work done on it every year 
to entitle the owner to its possession, and one man may hold as many 
claims as he can do on each $100 worth of work. This work is 
called the "assessment." The question as to whether the same man 
may take up more than one claim on the same vein is an unsettled 
one, and different views are held. As a matter of fact, men do take 
more than one claim on the same lode, and hold them. In New 
Mexico, Chief Justice Prince has decided, in the first judicial district, 
which includes the northern half of that territory, that one man cannot 
take more than one claim on the same vein; but that he can take one 
on each new vein that he discovers, and in that way he can have as 



MINING LAWS. 147 

many claims as he finds veins. The supreme court of the territory 
has not yet been asked to pass on the question, and neither, of course, 
has the supreme court of the United Sates, so that the question is 
still undecided. In the second and third districts of New Mexico, 
the southern half of the territory, the question has never been ruled 
on, and there men take as many extensions as they can perform their 
assessment work on. The reader will find it profitable to study the 
mining laws in detail, and therefore the laws and regulations of the 
United States, and also the laws of New Mexico and Arizona, are 
given below in full : 

UNITED STATES MINING LAWS. 

TITLE XXXII., CHAPTER 6. 

MINERAL LANDS RESERVED. 

Section 251S. la all cases lands valuable for minerals shall be reserved from sale, except as 
otherwise expressly directed by law. 

MINERAL LANDS OPEN TO PURCHASE BY CITIZENS. 

Sec. 2319. All valuable mineral deposits in lands belonging to the United States, both sur- 
vived and unsurveyed, are hereby declared to be free and open to exploration and purchase, and 
the lands in which they are found to occupation and purchase, by citizens of the United 
States and those who have declared their intention to become such, under regulations prescribed, 
by law, and according to the local customs or rules of miners in the several mining districts, so 
far as the same are applicable and not inconsistent with the laws of the United States. 

LENGTH OF MINING-CLAIMS UPON VEINS OR LODES. 

Sec. 2320. Mining-claims upon veins or lodes of quartz or other rock in place bearing gold, 
silver, cinnabar, lead, tin, copper, or other valuable deposits, heretofore located, shall be gov- 
erned as to length along the vein or lode by the customs, regulations, and laws in force at the 
the date of their location. A mining-claim located after the tenth day of May, eighteen hundred 
and seventy-two, whether located by one or more persons, may equal, but shall not exceed, one 
thousand five hundred feet in length along the vein or lode; but no location of a mining-claim 
shall be made until the discovery of the vein or lode within the limits of the claim located. No 
claim shall extend more than three hundred feet on each side of the middle of the vein at the 
surface, nor shall any claim be limited by any mining regulation to less than twenty- five feet on 
each side of the middle of the vein at the surface, except where adverse rights existing on the 
tenth day of May, eighteen hundred and seventy-two, render such limitation necessary. The 
end-lines ot each claim shall be parallel to each other. 

PROOF OF CITIZENSHIP. 

Sec 2321. Proof of citizenship, under this chapter, may consist, in the case of an individual 
of his own affidavit thereof; in the case of an association of persons unincorporated, of the affi- 
davit of their authorized agent, made on his own knowledge, or upon information and belief; 
and in the case of a corporation organized under the laws of the United States, or of any state 
or territory thereof, by the filing of a certified copy of their charter or certificate of incorporation. 

LOCATOR'S RIGHTS OF POSSESSION AND ENJOYMENT. 

Sec. 2322. The locators of all mining locations heretofore made, or which shall hereafter be 
made, on any mineral vein, lode, or ledge, situated on the public domain, their heirs and 
assigns, where no adverse claim exists on the tenth day of May, eighteen hundred and seventy- 
two, so long as they comply with the laws of the United States, and with state, territorial and 
local regulations not in conflict with the laws of the United States governing their possessory 



148 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



title, shall have the exclusive right of possession and enjoyment of all the surface included within 
the lines of their locations, and of all veins, lodes, and ledges throughout their entire depth, the 
top or apex of which lies inside of such surface-lines extended downward vertically, although 
such veins, lodes, or ledges may so far depart from a perpendicular in their course downward as to 
extend outside the vertical side lines of such surface locations. But their right of possession to 
such outside parts of such veins or ledges should be confined to such portions thereof as lie 
between vertical planes drawn downward as above described, through the end-lines of their 
locations, so continued in their own direction that such planes will intersect such exterior parts 
of such veins or ledges. And nothing in this section shall authorize the locator or possessor of 
a vein or lode which extends in its downward course beyond the vertical lines of his claim to 
enter upon the surface of a claim owned or possessed by another. 

RIGHTS OF OWNERS 6F TUNNELS. 

Sec. 2323. Where a tunnel is run for the development of a vein or lode, or for the discovery 
of mines, the owners of such tunnel shall have the right of possession of all veins or lodes within 
three thousand feet from the face of such tunnel on the line thereof, not previously known to exist, 
discovered in such tunnel, to the same extent as if discovered from the surface; and locations on 
the line of such tunnel or veins or lodes not appearing on the surface, made by other parties after 
the commencement of the tunnel, and while the same is being prosecuted with reasonable dili- 
gence, shall be invalid; but failure to prosecute the work on the tunnel for six months shall be 
considered as an abandonment of the right to all undiscovered veins on the line of such tunnel. 

REGULATIONS MADE BY MINERS. 

Sec. 2324. The miners of each mining- district may make regulations not in conflict with the 
laws of the United States, or with the laws of the state or territory in which the district is situ- 
ated, governing the location, manner of recording, amount of work necessary to hold possession 
of a mining-claim, subject to the following requirements: The location must be distinctly 
marked on the ground so that its boundaries can be readily traced. All records of mining-- 
claiins hereafter made shall contain the name or names of the locators, the date of the location, 
and such a description of the claim or claims located by reference to some natural object or 
permanent monument as will identify the claim. On each claim located after the tenth day of May, 
eighteen hundred and seventy-two, and until a patent has been issued therefor, not less than one 
hundred dollars' worth of labor shall be performed or improvements made during each year. 
On all claims located prior to the tenth day of May, eighteen hundred and seventy-two, ten 
dollars' worth of labor shall be performed or improvements made, by the tenth day of June, 
eighteen hundred and seventy-four, and each year thereafter, for each one hundred feet in length 
along the vein until a patent has been issued therefor; but where such claims are held in common, 
such expenditure maybe made upon anyone claim; and upon a failure to comply with these con- 
ditions, the claim or mine upon which such failure occurred shall be open to rtlocation in the 
same manner as if no location of the same had ever been made, provided that the original loca- 
tors, their heirs, assigns, or legal representatives, have not resumed work upon the claim 
after failure and before such location. Upon the failure of any one of several co-owners, to 
contribute his proportion of the expenditures required hereby, the co-owners who have performed 
the labor or made the improvements may, at the expiration of the year, give such delinquent 
co-owner personal notice in writing, or notice by publication in the newspaper published near- 
est the claim, for at least once a week for ninety days, and if at the expiration of ninety days 
after such notice in writing or by publication such delinquent should fail or refuse to contribute 
his proportion of the expenditure required by this section, his interest in the claim shall become 
the property of his co-owners who have made the required expenditures. Provided, that the 
period within which the work required to be done annually on all unpatented mineral claims 
shall commence the first day of January succeeding the date of location of such claim, and this 
section shall apply to all claims located since the tenth day of May, A. D. eighteen hundred 
and seventy-two. 

PATENTS FOR MINERAL LANDS, HOW OBTAINED. 

Sec. 2325. A patent for any land claimed and located for valuable deposits may be obtained 
in the following manner: Any person, association, or corporation authorized to locate a claim 
under this chapter, having claimed and located a piece of land for such purposes, who has, or 



MINING LAWS. I49 

have, complied with the terms of this chapter, may file in the proper land office an application 
for a patent, under oath, showing- such compliance, tog-ether with a plat and field-notes of the 
claim or claims in common, made by or under the direction of the United States surveyor-gen- 
eral, showing accurately the boundaries of the claim or claims, which shall be distinctly marked 
by monuments on the ground, and shall post a copy of such plat, together with a notice of such 
application for a patent, in a conspicuous place on the land embraced in such plat previous to 
the filing of the application for a patent, and shall file an affidavit of at least two nersons that 
such notice has been duly posted, and shall file a copy of the notice in such land-office, and shall 
thereupon be entitled to a patent for the land, in the manner following : The register of the land- 
office, upon the filing of such application, plat, field notes, notices, and affidavits, shall publish a 
notice that such application has been made, for the period of sixty days, in a newspaper to be by 
him designated as published nearest to such claim; and he shall also post such notice in his 
office for the same period. The claimant at the time of filing this application, or at anytime 
thereafter, within the sixty days of publication, shall file with the register a certificate of the 
United States surveyor-general that five hundred dollars' worth of labor has been expended or 
improvements made, upon the claim by himself or grantors; that the plat is correct, with such 
further description by such reference to natural objects or permanent monuments as shall identify 
the claim, and furnish an accurate description, to be incorporated in the patent. At the expira- 
tion of the sixty days of publication the claimant shall file his affidavit, showing- that the plat and 
notice have been posted in a conspicuous place on the claim during- such period of publication. 
If no adverse claim shall have been filed with the register and the receiver of the proper land- 
office at the expiration of the sixty days of publication, it shall be assumed that the applicant is 
entitled to a patent, upon the payment to the proper officer of five dollars per acre, and that no 
adverse claim exists; and thereafter no objection from third parties to the issuance of a patent 
shall be heard, except it be shown that the applicant has failed to comply with the terms of this 
chapter. Provided, that where the claimant of a patent is not a resident of the land district 
wherein the vein, lode, ledge, or deposit sought to be patented is located, the affidavits required 
to be made in this section by the claimant for such patent may be made by his, her or its author- 
ized agent, where said agent is conversant with the facts sought to be established by said affida ■ 
vits: And provided, that this section shall apply to all applications now pending for patents to 
mineral lands. 

ADVERSE CLAIM, PROCEEDINGS ON. 

Sec. 2326. Where an adverse claim is filed during the period of publication, it shall be upon 
oath of the person or persons making the same, and shall show the nature, boundaries, and 
extent of such adverse claim, and all proceedings, except the publication of notice and making 
and filing of the affidavit thereof, shall be stayed until the controversy shall have been settled or 
decided by a court of competent jurisdiction, or the adverse claim waived. It shall be the duty 
of the adverse claimant, within thirty days after filing his claim, to commence proceedings in a 
court of competent jurisdiction, to determine the question of the right of possession, and prose- 
cute the same with reasonable diligence to final judgment; and a failure so to do shall be a waiver 
of his adverse claim. After such judgment shah have been rendered, the party entitled to the 
possession of the claim, or any portion thereof, may, without giving further notice, file a certified 
copv of the judgment-roll with the register of the land office, together with the certificate of the 
surveyor-general that the requisite amount of labor has been expended or improvements made 
thereon, and the description required in other cases, and shall pay to the receiver five dollars per 
acre for his claim, together with the proper fees, whereupon the whole proceedings and the judg- 
ment-roll shall be certified by the register to the commissioner of the general land office, and a 
patent shall issue thereon for the claim, or such portion thereof as the applicant shall appear, 
from the decision of the court, to rightly possess. If it appears from the decision of the court 
that several parties are entitled to separate and different portions of the claim, each party may 
pay for his portion of the claim, with the proper fees, and file the certificate and description by the 
surveyor-general, whereupon the register shall certify the proceedings and judgment-roll to the 
commissioner of the general land office, as in the preceding case, and patents shall issue to the 
several parties according to their respective rights. Nothing herein contained shall be con- 
strued to prevent the alienation of the title conveyed by a patent for a mining-claim to any 
person whatever. 



150 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

DESCRIPTION OF VEIN-CLAIMS ON SURVEYED AND UNSURVEYED LANDS, 

Sec. 2327. The description of vein or lode claims, upon surveyed lands, shall designate the 
location of the claim with reference to the lines of the public surveys, but need not conform there- 
with; but where a patent shall be issued for claims upon unsurveyed lands, the surveyor-gen- 
eral, in extending the surveys, shall adjust the same to the boundaries of such patented claim, 
according to the plat or description thereof, but so as in no case to interfere with or change the 
local ion of any such patented claim. 

PENDING APPLICATIONS — EXISTING RIGHTS. 

Sec. 232S. Applications for patents for mining -claims under former laws now pending may 
be prosecuted to a final decision in the general land-office; but in such cases, where adverse 
rights are not affected thereby, patents may issue in pursuance of the provisions of this chapter; 
and all patents for mining-claims upon veins or lodes heretofore issued shall convey all the 
rights and privileges conferred by this chapter where no adverse rights existed on the tenth 
day of May, eighteen hundred and seventy-two. 

CONFORMITY OF PLACER-CLAIMS TO SURVEYS, LIMIT OF. 

Sec. 2.329. Claims usually called " placers," including all forms of deposit, excepting veins of 
quartz or other rock in place, shall be subject to entry and patent, under like circumstances and 
conditions, and upon similar proceedings, as are provided for vein or lode claims; but where the 
lands have been previously surveyed bv the United States, the entry in its exterior limits shall 
conform to the legal subdivisions of the public lands. 

SUBDIVISIONS OF TEN-ACRE TRACTS — MAXIMUM OF PLACER LOCATIONS. 

Sec 2330. Legal subdivisions of forty acres maybe sub-divided into ten-acre track; and 
two or more persons, or associations of persons, having contiguous claims of any size, although 
such claims may be less than ten acres each, may make joint entry thereof ; but no location of 
a placer-claim, made after the ninth day of July, eighteen hundred and seventy, shall exceed one 
hundred and sixty acres for any one person or association of persons, which location shall con- 
form to the United States surveys; and nothing in this section contained shall defeat or impair 
anv bona fide pre-emption or homestead claim upon agricultural lands, or authorize the sale of 
the improvements of any bona fide settler to any purchaser. 

CONFORMITY OF PLACER-CLAIMS TO SURVEYS — LIMITATION OF CLAIMS. 

Sec 2331. Where placer-claims are upon surveyed lands, and conform to legal subdivisions, 
no further survey or plat shall.be required, and all placer-mining claims located after the tenth 
day of May, eighteen hundred and seventy-two, shall conform as near as practicable with the 
United States system of public-land surveys, and the rectangular subdivisions of such surveys, 
and no location shall include more than twenty acres for each individual claimant; but where 
placer-claims cannot be conformed to legal subdivisions, survey and plat shall be made as on 
unsurveyed lands; and where by the segregation of mineral lands in any legal subdivision a 
quantity of agricultural land less than forty acres remains, such fractional portion of agricultural 
land may be entered, by any party qualified by law, for homestead or pre-emption purposes. 

WHAT EVIDENCE OF POSSESSION, ETC., TO ESTABLISH RIGHT TO A PATENT. 

Sec 2332. Where such person or association, they and their grantors, have held and worked 
their claims for a period equal to the time prescribed by the statute of limitations for mining- 
claims of the state or territory where the same maybe situated, evidence of such possession 
and working of the claims for such period shall be sufficient to establish a ri<j;ht to a patent 
thereto under this chapter, in the absence of any adverse claim; but nothing in this chapter 
shall be deemed to impair any lien which' may have attached in any way whatever to any mining- 
claim or property thereto attached prior to the issuance of a patent. 

PROCEEDINGS FOR PATENT FOR PLACER-CLAIM, ETC. 

Sec. 2333. Where the same person, association, or corporation is in possession ot a placer - 
claim, and also a vein or lode included within the boundaries thereof, application shall be made 
for a patent for the placer-claim, with the statement that it includes such vein or lode, and in 
i ui h case a patent shall issue for the placer-claim, subject to the provisions of this chapter, 
including 1 such vein or lode, upon the payment of five dollars per acre for such vein or lode 
claim, and twenty-five feet of surface on each side thereof. The remainder of the placer-claim, 
or any placer-claim not embracing any vein or lode claim, shall be paid for at the rate of two 



Mining laws. 151 

dollars and fifty cents per acre, together with all costs of proceedings; and where a vein or lode, 
such as is described in section twenty-three hundred and twenty, is known to exist within the 
boundaries of a placer-claim, an application for a patent for such placer-claim which does not 
include an application for the vein or lode claim shall be construed as a conclusive declaration 
that the claimant of the placer-claim has no right of possession of the vein or lode claim; but 
where the existence of a vein or lode in a placer-claim is not known, a patent for the placer- 
claim shall convey all valuable mineral and other deposits within the boundaries thereof. 

SURVEYOR-GENERAL TO APPOINT SURVEYORS OF MINING-CLAIMS, ETC. 

Sec. 2334. The surveyor- general of the United States may appoint in each land-district con- 
taining mineral lands as many competent surveyors as shall apply for appointment to survey 
mining-claims. The expenses of the survey of vein or lode claims, and the survey and subdi- 
vision of placer-claims into smaller quantities than one hundred and sixty acres, together with 
the cost of publication of notices, shall be paid by the applicants, and they shall be at liberty to 
obtain the same at the most reasonable rates, and they shall also be at liberty to employ any 
United States deputy surveyor to make the survey. The commissioner of the general land-office 
shall also have power to establish the maximum charges for surveys and publication of notices 
under this chapter; and, in case of excessive charges for publication, he may designate any 
newspaper published in a land -district where mines are situated for the publication of mining- 
notices in such district, and fix the rates to be charged by such paper; and, to the end that the 
commissioner may be fully informed on the subject, eacli applicant shall file with the register a 
sworn statement of all charges and fees paid by such applicant for publication and surveys, 
together with all fees and money paid the register and the receiver of the land -office, which 
statement shall be transmitted, with the other papers in the case, to the commissioner of the gen- 
eral land -office. 

VERIFICATION OF AFFIDAVITS, ETC. 

Sec 2335. All affidavits required to be made under this chapter may be verified before any 
officer authorized to administer oaths within the land-district where the claims may be situated, 
and all testimony and proofs may be taken before any such officer, and, when duly certified by 
the officer taking the same, shall have the same force and effect as if taken before the register 
and receiver of the land-office. In cases of contest as to the mineral or agricultural character 
nf the land, the testimony and proofs may be taken as herein provided on personal notice of at 
least ten days to the opposing party; or if such party cannot be found, then by publication of at 
least once a week for thirty days in a newspaper, to be designated by the register of the land- 
office as published nearest to the location of such land; and the register shall require proof that 
such notice has been given. 

WHERE VEINS INTERSECT, ETC. 

Sec 2336. Where two or more veins intersect or cross each other, priority of title shall 
govern; and such prior location shall be entitled to all ore or mineral contained within the space 
of intersection; but the subsequent location shall have the right of way through the space of 
intersection for the purposes of the convenient working of the mine. And where two or more 
veins unite, the oldest or prior location shall take the vein below the point of union, including all 
the space of intersection. 

PATENTS FOR NON-MINERAL LANDS, ETC. 

Sec 2337. Where non-mineral land not contiguous to the vein or lode is used or occupied by 
the proprietor of such vein or lode for mining or milling purposes, such non-adjacent surface 
ground may be embraced and included in an application for a patent for such vein or lode, and 
the same may be patented therewith, subject to the same preliminary requirements as to survey 
and notice as are applicable to veins or lodes; but no location hereafter made of such non- 
adjacent land shall exceed five acres, and payment for the same must be made at the same rate as 
fixed by this chapter for the superficies of the lode. The owner of a quartz-mill or reduction- 
works, not owning a mine in connection therewith, may also receive a patent for his mill-site, as 
provided in this section. 

WHAT CONDITIONS OF SALE MAY" BE MADE BY" LOCAL LEGISLATURE. 

Sec. 233S. As a condition of sale, in the absence of necessary legislation by congress, the 



152 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

local legislature of any state or territory may provide rules for working- mines, involving- ease- 
ments, drainage, and other necessary means to their complete development; and those conditions 
shall be fully expressed in the patent. 

VESTED RIGHTS TO USE OF WATER FOR MINING, ETC. — RIGHT OF WAY FOR CANALS. 

Sec. 2339. Whenever, by priority of possession, rights to the use of water for mining, agri- 
cultural, manufacturing, or other purposes, have vested and accrued, and the same are recognized 
and acknowledged by the local customs, laws, and the decisions of courts, the possessors and 
owners of such vested rights shall be maintained and protected in the same; and the right of 
way for the construction of ditches and canals for the purposes herein specified is acknowledged 
and confirmed; but whenever any person, in the construction of any ditch or canal, injures or 
damages the possession of any settler on the public domain, the party commiting such injury or 
damage shall be liable to the party injured for such injury or damage. 

PATENTS, PRE-EMPTIONS, AND HOMESTEADS SUBJECT TO VESTED AND ACCRUED WATER-RIGHTS. 

Sec. 2340. All patents granted, or pre-emption or homesteads allowed, shall be subject to anv 
vested and accrued water-rights, or rights to ditches and reservoirs used in connection with such 
water-rights, as may have been acquired under or recognized by the preceding section. 

MINERAL LANDS IN WHICH NO VALUABLE MINES ARE DISCOVERED, OPEN TO HOMESTEADS. 

Sec 2341. Wherever, upon the lands heretofore designated as mineral lands, which have 
been excluded from survey and sale, there have been homesteads made by citizens of the United 
States, or persons who have declared their intention to become citizens, which homesteads have 
been made, improved, and used for agricultural purposes, and upon which there have been no 
valuable mines of gold, silver, cinnabar, or copper discovered, and which are properly agricul- 
tural lands, the settlers or owners of such homesteads shall have a right of pre-emption thereto, 
and shall be entitled to purchase the same at the price of one dollar and twentv five cents per 
acre, and in quantity not to exceed one hundred and sixty acres; or they may avail themselves of 
the provisions of chapter five of this title, relating to " Homesteads." 

MINERAL LANDS— HOW SET APART AS AGRICULTURAL LANDS. 

Sec. 2342. Upon the survey of the lands described in the preceding section, the secretary of 
the interior may designate and set apart such portions of the same as are clearly agricultural 
lands, which lands shall thereafter be subject to pre- emption and sale as other public lands, and 
be subject to all the laws and regulations applicable to the same. 

ADDITIONAL LAND-DISTRICTS AND OFFICERS — POWER OF THE PRESIDENT TO PROVIDE. 

Sec 2343. The president is authorized to establish additional land-districts, and to appoint 
the necessary officers under existing laws, wherever he may deem the same necessary for the 
public convenience in executing the provisions of this chapter. 

PROVISIONS OF THIS CHAPTER NOT TO AFFECT CERTAIN RIGHTS. 

Sec 2344. Nothing contained in this chapter shall be construed to impair, in any way, rights 
or interests in mining property acquired under existing laws; nor to affect the provisions of the 
act entitled "An act granting to A. Sutro the right ot way and other privileges to aid in the 
construction of a draining and exploring tunnel to the Comstock lode, in the state of Nevada," 
approved July twenty-fifth, eighteen hundred and sixty-six. 

MINERAL LANDS IN CERTAIN STATES EXCEPTED. 

Sec 2345. The provisions of the preceding sections of this chapter shall not apply to the 
mineral hinds situated in the states of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, which are declared 
free and open to exploration and purchase, according to legal subdivisions, in like manner as 
before the tenth day of May, eighteen hundred and seventy-two. And any bona fide entries of 
such lands within the states named since the tenth of May, eighteen hundred and seventy- two, 
may be patented without reference to any of the foregoing provisions of this chapter. Such 
lands shall be offered for public sale in the same manner, at the same minimum price, and under 
the same rights of pre-emption as other public lands. 

GRANTS OF LANDS TO STATES OR CORPORATIONS NOT TO INCLUDE MINERAL LANDS. 

Sec 2346. No act passed at the first session of the thirty-eighth congress, granting lands to 
states or corporations to aid in the construction of roads, or lor other purposes, or to extend the 



MINING LAWS. I53 

time of grants made prior to the thirtieth day ot January, eighteen hundred and sixty-five, shall 
be so construed as to embrace mineral lands, which in all cases are reserved exclusively to the 
United States, unless otherwise specially provided in the act or acts making the grant. 

REPEAL PROVISIONS. 
TITLE LXXIV. 

WHAT REVISED STATUTES EMBRACE. 

Sec. 5595. The foregoing seventy-three titles embrace the statutes of the United States gen- 
eral and permanent in their nature, in force on the first day of December, one thousand eight 
hundred and seventy-three, as revised and consolidated by commissioners appointed under an 
act of congress, and the same shall be designated and cited as the revised statutes of the United 
States. 

REPEAL OF ACTS EMBRACED IN REVISION. 

Sec. 5596. All acts of congress passed prior to said first day of December, one thousand eight 
hundred and seventy -three, any portion of which is embraced in any section of said revision, are 
hereby repealed, and the section applicable thereto shall be in force in lieu thereof; all parts of 
such acts not contained in such revision, having been repealed or superseded by subsequent acts, 
or not being general and permanent in their nature - Providtd, That the incorporation into such 
revision of any general and permanent provision, taken from an act making appropriations, or 
from an act containing other provisions of a private, local, or temporary character, shall not 
repeal, or in any way affect any appropriation, or any provision of a private, local, or temporary 
character, contained in any of said acts, but the same shall remain in force; and all acts of con- 
gress passed prior to said last-named day no part of which are embraced in said revision, shall 
not be affected or changed by its enactments. 

ACCRUED RIGHTS RESERVED. 

Sec. 5597. The repeal of the several acts embraced in said revision, shall not affect any act 
done, or any right accruing or accrued, or any suit or proceeding had or commenced in any civil 
cause before the said repeal, but all rights and liabilities under said acts shall continue, and may 
be enforced in the same manner, as if said repeal had not been made; nor shall said repeal, in 
any manner affect the right to any office, or change the term or tenure thereof. 

PROSECUTIONS AND PUNISHMENTS. 

Sec. 559S. All offenses committed, and all penalties or forfeitures incurred under any statute 
embraced in said revision prior to said repeal, may be prosecuted and punished in the same 
manner and with the same effect, as if said repeal had not been made. 

ACTS OF LIMITATION. 

Sec. 5509. All acts of limitation, whether applicable to civil causes and proceedings, or to 
the prosecution of offenses, or for the recovery of penalties or forfeitures, embraced in said revi- 
sion and covered by said repeal, shall not be affected thereby, but all suits, proceedings or prose- 
cutions, whether civil or criminal, for causes arising, or acts done or committed prior to said 
repeal, may be commenced and prosecuted within the same time as if said repeal had not 
been made. 

ARRANGEMENT AND CLASSIFICATION OF SECTIONS. 

Sec 5600. The arrangement and classification of the several sections of the revision have been 
made for the purpose of a more convenient and orderly arrangement of the same, and therefore 
no inference or presumption of a legislative construction is" to be drawn by reason of the title, 
under which any particular section is placed. 

ACTS PASSED SINCE DECEMBER I, 1873, NOT AFFECTED. 

Sec jjfioi. The enactment of the said revision is not to affect or repeal any act of congress 
passed since the first day of December, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, and all 
acts passed since that date are to have full effect as if passed after the enactment of this revision, 



154 Where to go to become rich. 

and so far as such acts vary from, or conflict with any provision contained in said revision, they 
are to have effect as subsequent statutes, and as repealing any portion of the revision inconsist- 
ent therewith. 
Approved June 22, 1S74. 

The following is an act of congress approved June 6, 1S74: 

AN ACT to amend the act entitled "An act to promote the development of the mining resources 
of the United States," passed May tenth, eighteen hundred and seventy two. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and Mouse oj Representatives of the United States oj America in 
congress assembled, That the provisions of the fifth section of the act entitled "An act to promote 
the development of the mining resources of the United States," passed May tenth, eighteen 
hundred and seventy-two, which requires expenditures of labor and improvements on claims 
located prior to the passage of said act, are hereby so amended that the time for the first annual 
expenditure on claims located prior to the passage of said act shall be extended to the first day 
of January, eighteen hundred and seventy-five. 

The following is an act of congress approved February 11, 1875: 

AN ACT to amend section two thousand three hundred and twenty-four of the revised statutes, 
relating to the development of the mining resources of the United States. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and Mouse oj Representatives oj the United States oj America in 
congress assembled. That section two thousand three hundred and twenty-four of the revised 
statutes be, and the same is hereby amended so that where a person or company has or may run 
a tunnel for the purpose of developing a lode or lodes, owned by said person or company, the 
money so expended in said tunnel shall be taken and considered as expended on said lode or 
lodes, whether located prior to or since the passage of said act, and such person or company 
shall not be required to perform work on the surface of said lode or lodes in order to hold the 
same as required by said act. 

The following is an act of congress approved May 5, 1876: 

AN ACT to exclude the states of Missouri and Kansas from the provisions of the act of con- 
gress entitled "An act to promote the development of the mining resources of the United 
States," approved May tenth, eighteen hundred and seventy-two. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and Mouse oj Representative* oj the United States oj America in 
Congress assembled, That within the states of Missouri and Kansas deposits of coal, iron, lead, 
nr other mineral be, and they are hereby, excluded from the operation of the ait entitled "An act to 
promote the development of the mining resources of the United States," approved May tenth, 
eighteen hundred and seventy -two, and all lands in said states shall be subject to disposal as 
agricultural lands. 

AN ACT authorizing the citizens or Colorado, Nevada, and the territories to fell and remove 
timber on the public domain for mining and domestic purposes. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and Mouse oj Representatives of the United States of America in 
Congress assembled, That all citizens of the United Stales and other persons, bona jtdc rcsi • 
dents of the state of Colorado or Nevada, or either of the territories of New Mexico, Arizona, 
Utah, Wyoming, Dakota, Idaho, or Montana, and all other mineral districts of the United Static, 
shall be, and arc hereby, authorized and permitted to fell and remove, for building, agricultural, 
mining or other domestic purposes, any timber or other trees growing or being on the public 
lands, said lands being mineral, and not subject to entry under existing laws of the United 
Statis, except tor mineral entry, in cither of said states, territories <>r districts of which such citi- 
zens <>r persons may at the time be bona jide residents, subject to such rules and regulations PS 
the secretary of the interior may prescribe for the protection of the timber and of the under- 
growth growing upon such lands, and for other purposes: Provided, The provisions of this 
act shall not extend to railroad corporations. 



MINING LAWS. 155 

Sfic 2. That it shall be the duty of the register and the receiver of any local land -office in 
Whose district any mineral land may be situated to ascertain from time to time whether any 
timber is being cut or used upon any such lands, except for the purposes authorized by this act, 
within their respective land districts; and, if so, they shall immediately notify the commissioner 
of the general land -office of that fact; and all necessary expenses incurred in making such 
proper examinations shall be paid and allowed such register and receiver in making up their 
next quarterly accounts. 

Sec. 3. Any person or persons who shall violate the provisions of this act, or any rules and 
regulations in pursuance thereof made by the secretary of the interior, shall be deemed guilty of 
a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be fined in any sum not exceeding five hundred dollars 
and to which may be added imprisonment for any term not exceeding six months. 

Approved June 3, 187S. 

REGULATIONS UNDER UNITED STATES LAWS. 

MINERAL LANDS OPEN TO EXPLORATION, OCCUPATION, AND PURCHASE. 

1. It will be perceived that, by the foregoing provisions of law the mineral lands in the pub- 
lic domain, surveyed or unsurveyed, are open to exploration, occupation, and purchase, by all citi- 
zens of the United States and all those who have declared their intention to become such. 

STATUS OF LODE-CLAIMS LOCATED PRIOR TO MAY 10, 1S72. 

2. By an examination of the several sections of the revised statutes it will be seen that the 
status of lode-claims located previous to the tenth of May, 1S72, is not changed with regard lo 
their extent along the lode or -width of surface. 

3. Mining rights acquired under such previous locations are, however, enlarged by said 
revised statutes in the following respect, viz: The locators of all such previously taken veins 
or lodes, their heirs and assigns, so long as they comply with the laws of congress and witli state, 
territorial, or local regulations not in conflict therewith, governing mining -claims, are invested 
with the exclusive possessory right of all the surface included within the lines of their loca- 
tions, and of all veins, lodes, or ledges, throughout their entire depth, the top or apex of which 
lies inside of such surface-lines extended downward vertically, although such veins, lodes, or 
ledges may so far depart from a perpendicular in their course downward as to extend outside the 
vertical side-lines of such locations at the surface, it being expressly provided, however, that 
the right of possession to such outside parts of said veins or ledges shall be confined to such 
portions thereof as lie between vertical planes drawn downward as aforesaid, through the end- 
lines of their locations, so continued in their own direction that such planes will intersect such 
exterior parts of such veins, lodes, or ledges; no right being granted, however, to the claimant 
of such outside portion of a vein or ledge to enter upon the surface location of another claimant. 

4. It is to be distinctly understood, however, that the law limits the possessory right to veins, 
lodes, or ledges, other than the one named in the original location, to such as were not adversely 
claimed on May 10, 1S72, and that where such other vein or ledge was so adversely claimed at 
that date, the right of the party so adversely claiming is in no way impaired by the provisions of 
the revised statutes. 

S In order to hold the possessory title to a mining-claim located prior to May 10, 1S72, and for 
which a patent has not been issued, the law requires that ten dollars shall be expended annually 
in labor or improvements on each claim of one hundred Jeet on the course of the vein or lode 
until a patent shall have been issued therefor; but where a number of such claims are held in 
common upon the same vein or lode the aggregate expenditure that would be necessary to hold 
all the claims, at the rate of ten dollars per one hundred feet,.may be made upon any one claim; 
a failure to comply with this requirement in any one year subjecting the claim upon which such 
failure occurred to relocation by other parties, the same as if no previous location thereof had ever 
been made, unless the claimants under the original location shall have resumed work thereon after 
such failure and before such relocation. The first annual expenditure upon claims of this class 
should have been performed subsequent to May 10, 1S72, and prior to January 1, 1875. From and 
after January 1, 1S75, the required amount must be expended annually until patent issues. By 



15^ 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



decision of the honorable secretary of the interior, dated March 4, 1879, such annual expenditures 
are not required subsequent to entry, the date of issuing the patent certificate being the date 
contemplated by the statute. 

6 Upon the failure of any one of several co-owners of a vein, lode, or ledge, which has not 
been entered, to contribute his proportion of the expenditures necessary to hold the claim or 
claims so held in ownership in common, the co-owners who have performed the labor, or made the 
improvements, as required by said revised statutes, may, at the expiration of the year, give such 
delinquent co-owner personal notice in writing, or notice by publication in the newspaper pub- 
lished nearest the claim, for at least once a week for ninety days; and if upon the expiration of 
ninety days after such notice in writing, or upon the expiration of one hundred and eighty days 
after the first newspaper publication of notice, the delinquent co-owner shall have failed to 
contribute his proportion to meet such expenditure or improvements, his interest in the claim by 
law passes to his co-owners, who have made the expenditures or improvements as aforesaid. 

PATENTS FOR VEINS OR LODES HERETOFORE ISSUED. 

7. Rights under patents for veins or lodes heretofore granted under previous legislation of 
congress are enlarged by the revised statutes so as to invest the patentee, his heirs or assigns, 
with title to all veins, lodes or ledges, throughout their entire depth, the top or apex of which 
lies within the end and side boundary-lines of his claim on the surface, as patented, extended 
downward vertically, although such veins, lodes, or ledges may so far depart from a perpendicular 
in their course downward as to extend outside the vertical side-lines of the claim at the surface. 
The right of possession to such outside parts of such veins or ledges lobe confined to such por- 
tions thereof as lie between vertical planes drawn downward through the end-lines of the 
claims at the surface, so continued in their own direction that such planes will intersect such 
exterior parts of such veins or ledges, it being expressly provided, however, that all veins, lodes, 
or ledges, the top or apex of which lies inside such surface locations, oilier than the one named 
in the patent, which were adversely claimed on the roth day of May, 1872, are excluded from 
such conveyance by patent, 

8. Applications for patents for mining-claims pending at the date of the act of May 10, 1S72, 
may be prosecuted to final decision in the general land -office, and where no adverse rights are 
affected thereby, patents will be issued in pursuance of the provisions of the revised statutes. 

MANNER OF LOCATING CLAIMS ON VEINS OR LODES AFTER MAY 10, 1S72. 

9. From and after the ioth of May, 1S72, any person who is a citizen of the United States or 
who has declared his intention to become a citizen, may locate, record, and hold a mining- 
claim, oj fifteen hundred linear Jeet along the course of any mineral vein or lode subject to loca- 
tion; or an association of persons, severally qualified as above, may make joint location of such 
rlaim of fifteen hundred jeet, but in no event can a location of a vein or lode made subsequent to 
May 10,1872, exceed fifteen hundred feet along the course thereof, whatever may be the number 
of persons composing the association. 

10. With regard to the extent of surface-ground adjoining a vein or lode, and claimed for the 
convenient working thereof, the revised statutes provide thai the lateral extent of locations of 
veins or lodes made after May 10, 1S75, shall in no case exceed three hundred feel on each side 
of the middle of the -vein at the surjace, and that no such surface-rights shall be limited by any 
mining regulations to less than twenty-five feet on each side of the middle ol the vein at the 
surface, except where adverse rights existing on the ioth of May, 1S72, mav render such limita- 
tion necessary; Ihe end-lines of such claims to be in all cases parallel to each other. Said lateral 
measurements cannot extend beyond three hundred feet on either side of the middle of the vein 
at the surface, or such distance as is allowed by local laws. For example: four hundred feet 
cannot be taken on one side and two hundred feet on the other. If, however, three hundred feet 
on each side are allowed, and by reason of prior claims but one hundred feet can be taken on one 
side, the locator will not be restricted to less than three hundred feet on the other side; and 
when the locator does not determine by exploration zvhere the middle of the vein at the surface 
is, his discovery shaft must be assumed to mark such point. 

11. By the foregoing it will be perceived that no lode-claim located, after the ioth of May, 
1S72, can exceed a DaralelloEram fifteen hundred feet in length by six hundred feet in width, but 



MINING LAWS. 1 57 

whether surface-ground of that width can be taken, depends upon the local regulations or state 
or territorial laws, in force in the several mining districts; and that no such local regulations or 
state or territorial laws shall limit a vein or lode claim to less than fifteen hundred feet along the 
course thereof, whether the location is made by one or more persons, nor can surface-rights be 
limited to less than fifty feet in width, unless adverse claims existing on the 10th day of May, 
1872, render such lateral limitation necessary. 

12. It is provided by the revised statutes that the miners of each district may make rules and 
regulations not in conflict with the laws of the United States, or of the state or territory in 
which such districts are respectively situated, governing the location, manner of recording, and 
amount of work necessary to hold possession of a claim. They likewise require that the location 
shall be so distinctly marked on the ground that its boundaries may be readily traced. This is a 
very important matter, and locators cannot exercise too much care in defining their locations at 
the outset, inasmuch as the law requires that all records of mining locations made subsequent 
to May io, 1872, shall contain the name or names of the locators, the date of the location, and 
such a description of the claim or claims located, by reference to some natural object or perma- 
nent monument, as will identify the claim. 

13. The statutes provide that no lode-claim shall be recorded until after the discovery of a 
vein or lode within the limits of the ground claimed; the object of which provision is evidently 
to prevent the encumbering of the district mining records with useless locations before sufficient 
work has been done thereon to determine whether a vein or lode has really been discovered 
or not. 

14. The claimant should therefore, prior to recording his claim, unless the vein can be traced 
upon the surface, sink a shaft, or run a tunnel or drift, to a sufficient depth therein to discover 
and develop a mineral-bearing vein, lode, or crevice; should determine, if possible, the general 
course of such vein in either direction from the point of discovery, by which direction he will 
be governed in marking the boundaries of his claim on the surface, and should give the course 
and distance as nearly as practicable from the discovery-shaft on the claim to some permanent, 
well-known points or objects, such, for instance, as stone monuments, blazed trees, the confluence 
of streams, points of intersection of well-known gulches, ravines or roads, prominent buttes, 
hills, &c, which may be in the immediate vicinity, and which will serve to perpetuate and fix the 
locus of the claim, and render it susceptible of identification from the description thereof given 
in the record of locations in the district. 

15. In addition to the foregoing data, the claimant should state the names of adjoining 
claims, or, if none adjoin, the relative positions of the nearest claims; should drive a post or 
erect a monument of stones at each corner of his surface-ground, and at the point of discovery 
or discovery-shaft should fix a post, stake, or board, upon which should be designated the name 
of the lode, the name or names of the locators, the number of feet claimed, and in which direc- 
tion from the point of discovery; it being essential that the location notice filed for record, in 
addition to the foregoing description, should state whether the entire claim of fifteen hundred 
feet is taken on one side of the point of discovery, or whether it is partly upon one and partly 
upon the other side thereof, and in the latter case, how many feet are claimed upon each side 
of such discovery-point. 

16. Within a reasonable time, say twenty days after the location shall have been marked on 
the ground, or such time as is allowed by the local laws, notice thereof, accurately describing 
the claim in manner aforesaid, should be filed for record with the proper recorder of the dis- 
trict, who will thereupon issue the usual certificate of location. 

17. In order to hold the possessory right to a location made since May 10, 1S72, not less than 
one hundred dollars' worth of labor must be performed, or improvements made thereon, within 
one year from the date of such location, and annually thereafter; in default of which the claim 
will be subject to re-location by any other party having the necessary qualifications, unless the 
original locator, his heirs, assigns, or legal representatives, have resumed work thereon after 
such failure and before such relocation. 

r8. The expenditures required upon mining-claims may be made from the surface or in run- 
ning a tunnel for the development of such claims, the act of February 11, 1875, providing that 
where a person or company has, or may, run a tunnel for the purpose of developing a lode or 



i58 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



lodes owned by said person or company, the money so expended in said tunnel shall be taken 
and considered as expended on said lode or lodes, and such person or company shall not be 
required to perform work on the surface of said lode or lodes in order to hold the same. 

iy. The importance of attending to these details in the matter of location, labor, and expendi- 
ture will be more readily perceived when it is understood that a failure to give the subject proper 
attention may invalidate the claim. 

TUNNEL RIGHTS. 

20. Section 2323 provides that where a tunnel is run for the development of a vein or lode, or 
tor the discovery of mines, the owners of such tunnel shall have the right of possession of all 
veins or lodes within three thousand feet from the face of such tunnel on the line thereol, not 
previously known to exist, discovered in such tunnel, to the same extent as if discovered from 
the surface; and locations on the line of such tunnel or veins or lodes not appearing on the sur- 
face, made by other parties after the commencement of the tunnel, and while the same is being 
prosecuted with reasonable diligence, shall be invalid; but failure to prosecute the work on the 
tunnel for six months shall be considered as an abandonment of the right to all undiscovered 
veins or lodes on the line of said tunnel. 

21. The effect of this is simply to give the proprietors of a mining-tunnel run in good faith 
the possessory right to fifteen hundred feet of any blind-lodes cut, discovered or intersected by 
such tunnel, which were not previously known to exist, within three thousand feet from the face 
or point of commencement of such tunnel, and to prohibit other parties, after the commencement 
of the tunnel, from prospecting for and making locations of lodes on the line tliereof and within 
said distance of three thousand feet, unless such lodes appear upon the surface or were previ- 
ously known to exist. 

22. The term "face," as used in said section, is construed and held to mean the first working- 
face formed in the tunnel, and to signify the point at which the tunnel actually enters cover; it 
being from this point that the three thousand feet are to be counted, upon which prospecting 
is prohibited as aforesaid. 

23. To avail themselves of the benefits of this provision of law, the proprietors of a mining- 
tunnel will be required, at the time they enter cover as aforesaid, to give proper notice of their 
tunnel location, by erecting a substantial post, board, or monument at the face or point of com- 
mencement thereof, upon which should be posted a good and sufficient notice, giving the names 
of the parties or company claiming the tunnel-right ; the actual or proposed course or direction 
of the tunnel; the height and width thereof, and the course and distance from such face or point 
of commencement to some permanent well known objects in the vicinity by which to fix and 
iletermine the locus in manner heretofore set forth applicable to locations of veins or lodes, and 
at the time of posting such notice they shall, in order that miners or prospectors may be enabled 
to determine whether or not they are within the lines of the tunnel, establish the boundary lines 
thereof, by stakes or monuments placed along such lines at proper intervals, to the terminus of 
the three thousand feet from the face or point of commencement of the tunnel, anil the lines so 
marked will define and govern as to the specific boundaries within which prospecting for lodes 
not previously known to exist is prohibited while work on the tunnel is being prosecuted with 
reasonable diligence. 

24. At the time of posting notice and marking out the lints of the tunnel as aforesaid, a full 
and correct copy of such notice of location defining the tunnel-claim must be filed for record 
with the mining recorder of the district, to which notice must be attached the sworn statement 
"i- declaration of the owners, claimants, or projectors of such tunnel, setting forth the facts in 
the case; stating the amount expended by themselves and their predecessors in interest in prose- 
cuting work thereon; the extent of the work performed, and that it is bona fide their intention 
to prosecute work on the tunnel so located and described with reasonable diligence for the devel- 
opment of a vein or lode, or for the discovery of mines, or both, as the case may be. 

This notice of location must be duly recorded, and, with the said sworn statement attached, 
kept on the recorder's files for future reference. 

25. By a compliance with the foregoing, mm h needless difficulty will be avoided, and the way 
for the adjustment of legal rights acquired in virtue of said section 2323 will be made much more 
easy and certain, 



MINING LAWS. I59 

26. This office will take particular care that no improper advantage is taken of this provision 
of law by parties making or professing- to make tunnel locations, ostensibly for the purposes 
named in the statute, but really for the purpose of monopolizing the lands lying in front of their 
tunnels to the detriment of the mining interests and to the exclusion of bona fide prospectors or 
miners, but will hold such tunnel claimants to a strict compliance with the terms of the statutes; 
and a reasonable diligence on their part in prosecuting the work is one of the essential conditions 
of their implied contract. Negligence or want of due diligence will be construed as working a 
forfeiture of their right to all undiscovered veins on the line of such tunnel. 

MANNER OF PROCEEDING TO OBTAIN GOVERNMENT TITLE TO VEIN OR LODE CLAIMS. 

27. By section 2325 authority is given for granting titles for mines by patent from the govern- 
ment to any person, association, or corporation, having the necessary qualifications as to citizen- 
ship and holding the right of possession to a claim in compliance with law. 

2S. The claimant is required in the first place to have a correct survey of his claim made 
under authority of the surveyor-general of the state or territory in which the claim lies; such 
survey to show with accuracy the exterior surface boundaries of the claim, which boundaries 
are required to be distinctly marked by monuments on the ground. Four plats and one copy of 
the original field -notes, in each case, will be prepared by the surveyor-general; one plat and the 
original field-notes to be retained in the office of the surveyor-general, one copy of the plat to be 
given the claimant for posting upon the claim, one plat and a copy of the field-notes to be given 
the claimant for filing with the proper register, to be finally transmitted by that officer, with other 
papers in the case, to this office, and one plat to be sent by the surveyor general to the register of 
the proper land-district to be retained on his files for future reference. 

29. The claimant is then required to post a copy of the plat of such survey in a conspicuous 
place upon the claim, together with notice of his intention to apply for a patent therefor, which 
notice will give the date of posting, the name of the claimant, the name of the claim, mine, or 
lode; the mining 1 district and county; whether the location is of record, and, if so, where the 
record may be found; the number of feet claimed along the vein and the presumed direction 
thereof; the number of feet claimed on the lode in each direction from the point of discovery, 
or other well-defined place on the claim; the name or names of adjoining claimants on the same 
or other lodes; or, if none adjoin, the names of the nearest claims, &c. 

30. After posting the said plat and notice upon the premises, the claimant will file with the 
proper register and receiver a copy of such plat, and the field-notes of survey of the claim, 
accompanied by the affidavit of at least two credible witnesses that such plat and notice are 
posted conspicuously upon the claim, giving the date and place of such posting; a copy of the 
notice so posted to be attached to, and form a part of, said affidavit. 

31. Attached to the field -notes so filed must be the sworn statement of the claimant that he 
has the possessory right to the premises therein described, in virtue of a compliance by himself 
(and by his grantors, if he claims by purchase) with the mining rules, regulations, and customs of 
ttie mining-district, state, or territory in which the claim lies, and with the mining laws of con- 
gress; such sworn statement to narrate briefly, but as clearly as possible, the facts constituting 
such compliance, the origin of his possession, and the basis of his claim to a patent. 

32. This affidavit should be supported by appropriate evidence from the mining recorder's 
office as to his possessory right, as follows, viz: Where he claims to be a locator a full, true and 
correct copy of such location should be furnished, as the same appears upon the mining records; 
such copy to be attested by the seal of the recorder, or if he has no seal, then he should make 
oath to the same being correct, as shown by his records; where the applicant claims as a locator 
in company with others who have since conveyed their interests in the lode to him, a copy of the 
original record of location should be filed, together with an abstract of title from the proper 
recorder, under seal or upon oath as aforesaid, tracing the co-locator's possessory rights in the 
claim to such applicant for patent; where the applicant claims only as a purchaser for valuable 
consideration, a copy o( the location record must be filed, under seal or upon oath as aforesaid, 
with an abstract of title certified as above by the proper recorder, tracing the right of possession 
by a continuous chain of conveyances from the original locators to the applicant. 

33. In the event of the mining records in any case having been destroyed by fire or otherwise 
lost, affidavit of the fact should be made, and secondary evidence of possessory title will be 



l6o WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

received, which may consist of the affidavit of the claimant, supported by those of any other 
parties cognizant of the facts relative to his location, occupancy, possession, improvements, &c; 
and in such case of lost records, any deeds, certificates of location or purchase, or other evidence 
which may be in the claimant's possession, and tend to establish his claim, should be filed. 

34. Upon the receipt of these papers the register will, at the expense of the claimant (who 
must furnish the agreement of the publisher to hold applicant for patent alone responsible for 
charges of publication), publish a notice of such application for the period of sixty days, in a 
newspaper published nearest to the claim; and will post a copy of such notice in his office for the 
same period. In all cases sixty days must intervene between the first and the last insertion of 
the notice in such newspaper. When the notice is published in a weekly newspaper ten consecu- 
tive insertions are necessary; when in a daily newspaper the notice must appear in each issue 
for the required period. 

35. The notices so published and posted must be as full and complete as possible, and embrace 
all the data given in the notice posted upon the claim. 

36. Too much care cannot be exercised in the preparation of these notices, inasmuch as 
upon their accuracy and completeness will depend, in a great measure, the regularity and valid- 
ity of the whole proceeding. 

37. The claimant, either at the time ol filing these papers with the register, or at any time 
during the sixty days' publication, is required to file a certificate of the surveyor -general that not 
less than five hundred dollars' worth of labor has been expended or improvements made upon 
the claim by the applicant or his grantors, that the plat filed by the claimant is correct; that the 
field-notes of the survey, as filed, furnished such an accurate description of the claim as will, if 
incorporated into a patent, serve to fully identify the premises, and that such reference is made 
therein to natural objects or permanent monuments as will perpetuate and fix the locus thereof. 

38. It will be the more convenient way to have this certificate indorsed by the surveyor-gen- 
eral, both upon the plat and field-notes of survey filed by the claimant as atoresaid. 

39. After the sixty days' period of newspaper publication has expired the claimant will file 
his affidavit, showing that the plat and notice aforesaid remained conspicuously posted upon the 
claim sought to be patented during said sixty days' publication, giving the dates. 

40. Upon the filing of this affidavit the register will, if no adverse claim was filed in his office 
during the period of publication, permit the claimant to pay for the land according to the area 
given in the plat and field-notes of survey aforesaid, at the rate of five dollars for each acre and 
five dollars for each fractional part of an acre, the receiver issuing the usual duplicate receipt 
therefor. The claimant will also make a sworn statement of all charges and fees paid by him 
for publication and surveys, together with all fees and money paid the register and receiver of 
the land -office; after which the whole matter will be forwarded to the commissioner of the gen- 
eral land-office and a patent issued thereon if found regular. 

41. In sending up the papers in the case, the register must not omit certifying to the fact that 
the notice was posted in his office for the full period of sixty days, such certificate to state dis- 
tinctly when such posting was done and how long continued. 

42. The consecutive series of numbers of mineral entries must be continued, whether the same 
are of lode or placer-claims. 

43. The surveyor-general must continue to designate all surveyed mineral claims as hereto- 
fore by a progressive series of numbers, beginning with lot No. 37 in each township; the claim 
to be so designated at date of filing the plat, field-notes, &c, in addition to the local designation 
of the claim; it being required in all cases that the plat and field-notes of the survey of a claim 
must, in addition to the reference to permanent objects in the neighborhood, describe the locus 
of the claim with reference to the lines of public surveys by a line connecting a corner of the 
claim with the nearest public corner of the United States surveys, unless such claim be on unsur- 
veyed lands at a remote distance from such public corner, in which latter case the reference by 
course and distance to permanent objects in the neighborhood will be a sufficient designation by 
which to fix the locus until the public surveys shall have been closed upon its boundaries. 

ADVERSE CLAIMS. 

44. Section 2326 provides for adverse claims, fixes the time within which they shall be filed to 
have legal effect, and prescribes the manner of their adjustment 



MINING LAWS. l6l 

45. Said section requires that the adverse claim shall be filed during the period of publication 
of notice; that it must be on the oath of the adverse claimant; and that it must show the 
"nature," the "boundaries," and the "extent" of the adverse claim. 

46. In order that this section of law may be properly carried into effect, the following- is com 
municated for the information of all concerned: 

47. An adverse mining-claim must be tiled with the register of the same land-office with whom 
the application for patent was filed, or in his absence with the receiver, and within the sixty 
days' period of newspaper publication of notice. 

4S. The adverse notice must be duly sworn to by the person or persons making the same 
before an officer authorized to administer oaths within the land-district, or before the register or 
receiver; it will fully set forth the nature and extent of the interference or conflict; whether the 
adverse party claims as a purchaser for valuable consideration or as a locator; if the former, a 
certified copy of the original location, the original conveyance, a duly certified copy thereof, or 
an abstract of title from the office of the proper recorder should be furnished, or if the transac- 
tion was a mere verbal one he will narrate the circumstances attending the purchase, the 
date thereof, and the amount paid, which facts should be supported by the affidavit of one 
or more witnesses, if any were present at the time, and if he claims as a locator he must file a 
duly certified copy of the location from the office of the proper recorder. 

49. In order that the "boundaries" and "extent" of the claim m?y be shown, it will be 
incumbent upon the adverse claimant to file a plat showing his entire claim, its relative situation 
or position with the one against which he claims, and the extent of the conflict This plat 
must be made from an actual survey by a United States deputy-surveyor, who will officially cer- 
tify thereon to its correctness; and in addition there must be attached to such plat of survey a 
certificate or sworn statement by the surveyor as to the approximate value of the labor performed 
or improvements made upon the claim by the adverse party or his predecessors in interest, and 
the plat must indicate the position of any shafts, tunnels, or other improvements, if any such 
exist, upon the claim of the party opposing the application, and by which party said improve- 
ments were made. 

50. Upon the foregoing being filed within the sixty days as aforesaid, the register, or in his 
absence the receiver, will give notice in writing to both patties to the contest that such adverse 
claim has been filed, informing them that the party who filed the adverse claim will be required 
within thirty days from the date of such filing to commence proceedings in a court of competent 
jurisdiction to determine the question of right of possession, and to prosecute the same with 
reasonable diligence to final judgment, and that should such adverse claimant fail to do so, his 
adverse claim will be considered waived, and the application for patent be allowed to proceed 
upon its merits. 

51. When an adverse claim is filed as aforesaid, the register or receiver will indorse upon the 
same the precise date ot filing, and preserve a record of the date of notifications issued thereon; 
and thereafter all proceedings on the application for patent will be suspended, with the excep- 
tion of the completion oi the publication and posting of notices and plat, and the filing of the 
necessary proof thereof, until the controversy shall have been adjudicated in court, or the 
adverse claim waived or withdrawn. 

52. The proceedings after rendition of judgment by the court in such case are so clearly 
defined by the act itself as to render it unnecessary to enlarge thereon in this place. 

PLACER CLAIMS. 

Sec. 53- The proceedings to obtain patents for claims usually called placers, including all forms 
of deposit, are similar to the proceedings prescribed for obtaining patents for vein or lode claims; 
but where said placer-claim shall be upon surveyed lands, and conform to legal subdivisions, no 
further survey or plat will be required, and all placer-mining claims located after May 10, 1872, 
shall conform as nearly as practicable with the United States system of public-land surveys and 
the rectangular subdivisions of such surveys, and no such location shall include more than twenty 
acres for each individual claimant; but where placer-claims cannot be conformed to legal subdivi 
sions, survey and plat shall be made as on unsurveyed lands. But where such claims are located 
previous to the public surveys, and do not conform to legal subdivisions, survey, plat, and entry 
thereof may be made according to the boundaries thereof, provided the location is in all respects 
legal. 



162 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

Sec. 54. The proceedings for obtaining patents for veins or lodes having already been fully 
given, it will not be necessary to repeat them here; it being thought that careful attention thereto 
by applicants and the local officers will enable them to act understandingly in the matter and make 
such slight modifications in the notice, or otherwise, as may be necessary in view of the different 
nature of the two classes of claims, placer-claims being fixed, however, at two dollars and fifty 
cents per acre, or fractional part of an acre. 

Sec. 55. By section 2330, authority is given for the subdivision of forty-acre legal subdivisions 
into ten-acre lots, which is intended for the greater convenience of miners in segregating their 
claims both from one another and from intervening agricultural lands. 

Sec. 56. It is held, therefore, that under a proper construction of the law these ten acre lots in 
mining districts should be considered and dealt with, to all intents and purposes, as legal sub- 
divisions, and that an applicant having a legal claim which conforms to one or more of these ten- 
acre lots, either adjoining or cornering, may make entry thereof after the usual proceedings, 
without further survey or plat. 

Sec. 57. In cases of this kind, however, the notice given of the application must be very spe- 
cific and accurate in description, and as the forty-acre tracts may be subdivided into ten-acre lots, 
either in the form of squares of ten by ten chains, or of parallelograms five by twenty chains, so 
long as the lines are parallel and at right angles with the lines of the public surveys, it will be 
necessary that the notice and application state specifically what ten-acre lots are sought to be 
patented, in addition to the other data required in the notice. 

Sec. 58. Where the ten-acre subdivision is in the form of a square it may be described, for in- 
stance, as the " S. E. z /i of the S. W. % of N. W. }£," or, if in the form of a parallelogram as 
aforesaid, it may be described as the " W. ]/ 2 of the W. y> of the S. W. 1 { of the N. W. \£ (or the 

N. % of the S. V 2 of the N. E. % of the S. E. %) ot section , township , range 

," as the case may be; but, in addition to this description of the land, the notice must 

give all the other data that is required in a mineral application, by which parties may be put on 
inquiry as to the premises sought to be patented. The proof submitted with applications for 
claims of this kind must show clearly the character and the extent of the improvements upon the 
premises. 

Sec. 59. Applicants for patent to a placer-claim, who are also in possession of a known vein 
or lode included therein, must state in their application that the placer includes such vein or lode. 
The published and posted notices must also include such statement; and the vein or lode must be 
surveyed and marked upon the plat; the field notes and plat giving the area of the lode claim or 
claims and the area of the placer separately. If veins or lodes lying within a placer location are 
owned by other parties, the fact should be distinctly stated in the application for patent, and in all 
the notices. It should be remembered that an application which omits to include an application 
for a known vein or lode therein, must be construed as a conclusive declaration that the applicant 
has no right of possession to the vein or lode. Where there is no known lode or vein, the fact 
must appear by the affidavit of claimant and one or more witnesses. 

Sec. 60. When an adverse claim is filed to a placer application, the proceedings are the same 
as in the case of vein or lode claims, already described. 

QUANTITY OF PLACER GROUND SUBJECT TO LOCATION. 

Sec. 61. By section 2330 it is declared that no location of a placer-claim, made after July 9, 
1S70, shall exceed one hundred and sixty acres for anyone person or association of persons, which 
location shall conform to the United States surveys. 

Sic. 62. Section 2331 provides that all placer-mining claims located after May 10, 1S72, shall 
conform as nearly as practicable with the United States system of public surveys and the subdi- 
visions of such surveys, and no such locations shall include more than twenty acres for each in- 
dividual claimant. 

Sec. 63. The foregoing provisions of law are construed to mean that after the 9th day of July, 
1S70, no location of a placer-claim can be made to exceed one hundred and sixty acres, whatever 
may be the number of locators associated together, or whatever the local regulations of the dis- 
trict may allow; and that from and afttr May 10, 1S72, no location made by an individual can ex- 
ceed twenty acres, and no location made by an association of individuals can exceed one hundred 
and sixty acres, which location of one hundred and sixty acres cannot bw' made by a less number 



MINING LAWS. 163 

lhan eight bona fide locators; and no local laws or mining regulations can restrict a placer loca- 
tion to less than twenty acres, although the locator is not compelled to take so much. 

64. The regulations hereinbefore given as to the manner of marking locations on the ground 
and placing the same on record, must be observed in the case of placer locations, so far as 
the same are applicable; ihe law requiring, however, that where placer claims are upon surveyed 
public lands the locations must hereafter be made to conform to legal subdivisions thereof as near 
as practicable. 

65. With regard to the proofs necessary to establish the possessory right to a placer-claim, 
section 2332 provides that " where such person or association, they and their grantors, have held 
and worked their claims for a period equal to the time prescribed by the statute of limitations for 
mining claims of the state or territory where the same may be situated, evidence of such pos- 
session and working of the claims for such period shall be sufficient to establish a right to a 
patent thereto under this chapter, in the absence of any adverse claim." 

66. This provision of law will greatlv lessen the burden of proof, more especially in the case 
of old claims located many years since, the records of which, in many cases, have been destroyed 
by fire, or lost in other ways during the lapse of time, but concerning the possessory right to 
which all controversy or litigation has long been settled. 

67. When an applicant desires to make his proof of possessory right in accordance with this 
provision of law, you will not require biin to produce evidence of location, copies of convey- 
ances, or abstracts of title, as in other cases, but will require him to furnish a duly certified copy 
of the statute of limitations of mining-claims for the state or territory, together with his sworn 
statement giving a clear and succinct narration of the facts as to the origin of his title, and like- 
wise as to the continuation of his possession of the mining-ground covered by his application, 
the area thereof, the nature and extent of the mining that has been done thereon; whether there 
has been any opposition to his possession, or litigation with regard to his claim, and, if so, 
when the same ceased; whether such cessation was caused by compromise or by judicial decree, 
and any additional facts within the claimant's knowledge having a direct bearing upon his pos- 
session and bona Jides which he may desire to submit in support of his claim. 

6S. There should likewise bellied a certificate, under seal of the court having jurisdiction of 
mining cases within the judicial district embracing the claim, that no suit or action of any char- 
acter whatever involving the right of possession to any portion of the claim applied for is 
pending, and that there has been no litigation before said court affecting the title to said claim 
or any part thereof for a period equal to the time fixed by the statute of limitations for mining- 
claims in the state or territory as aforesaid, other than that which has been finally decided in 
favor of the claimant. 

69. The claimant should support his narrative of facts relative to his possession, occupancy, 
and improvements by corroborative testimony of any disinterested person or persons of credibility 
who may be cognizant of the facts in the case and are capable of testifying understandingly in the 
premises. 

70. It will be to the advantage of claimants to make their proofs as full and complete as prac- 
ticable. 

MILL-SITES. 

71. Section 2337 provides that, " where non mineral land not contiguous to the vein or lode is 
used or occupied by the proprietor of such vein or lode for mining or milling purposes, such non- 
aljacent surface ground may be embraced and included in an application for a patent for such vein 
or lode, and the same may be patented therewith, subject to the same preliminary requirements as 
to survey and notice as are applicable to veins or lodes; but no location hereafter made of such 
non-adjacent land shall exceed five acres, and payment for the same must be made at the same- 
rate as fixed by this chapter for the superfices of the lode. , The owner of a quartz-mill or reduc- 
tion-works, not owning a mine in connection therewith, may also receive a patent for his mill-site, 
as provided in this section." 

72. To avail themselves of this provision of law, parties holding the possessory right to a vein 
or lode, and to a piece of non-mineral land not contiguous thereto, for mining or milling purposes, 
not exceeding the quantity allowed for such purpose by section 2337 United States revised stat- 
utes, or prior laws, under which the land was appropriated, the proprietors of such vein or lode 



[64 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



may file in the proper land -office their application for a patent, under oath, in manner already set 
forth herein, which application, together with the plat and field notes, may include, embrace, and 
describe, in addition to the vein or lode, such non-contiguous mill-site, and after due proceedings 
as to notice, &c, a patent will be issued conveying the same as one claim. 

73. In making the survey in a case of this kind, the lode-claim should be described in the plat 
and field-notes as "Lot No. 37, A," and the mill site as " Lot No. 37, B," or whatever may be its 
appropriate numerical designation; the course and distance from a corner of the mill-siteto a cor- 
ner of the lode claim to be invariably given in such plat and field -notes, and a copy of the plat and 
notice of application for patent must be conspicuously posted upon the mill-site as well as upon 
the vein or lode for the statutory period of sixty days. In making the entry no separate receipt or 
certificate need be issued for the mill site, but the whole area of both lode and mill-site will be 
embraced in one entry, the price being five dollars for each acre and fractional part of an acre em- 
braced by such lode and mill-site claim. 

74. In case the owner of a quartz-mill or reduction-works is not the owner or claimant of a 
vein or lode, the law permits him to make application therefor in the same manner prescribed 
herein for mining claims, and after due notice and proceedings, in the absence of a valid adverse 
filing, to enter and receive a patent for his mill -site at said price per acre. 

75. In every case there must be satisfactory proof that the laud claimed as a mill -site is not 
mineral in character, which proof may, where the matter is unquestioned, consist of the sworn 
statement of the claimant, supported by that of one or more disinterested persons capable from 
acquaintance with the land to testify understandingly. 

76. The law expressly limits mill site locations made from and after its passage to Jive acres. 

77. The registers and receivers will preserve an unbroken consecutive series of numbers for all 
mineral entries. 

PROOF OF CITIZENSHIP OF MINING CLAIMANTS. 

7S. The proof necessary to establish the citizenship of applicants for mining patents must be 
made in the following manner: In case of an incorporated company, a certified copy of their char- 
ter or certificate of incorporation must be filed. In case of an association of persons unincorpo- 
rated, the affidavit of their duly authorized agent, made upon his own knowledge, or upon in- 
formation and belief, setting forth the residence of each person forming such association, must be 
submitted. This affidavit must be accompanied by a power of attorney from the parties forming 
such association, authorizing the person who makes the affidavit of citizenship to act for them in 
the matter of their application for patent. 

79. In case of an individual or an association of individuals who do not appear by their duly 
authorized agent, you will require the affidavit of each applicant, showing whether he is a native 
or naturalized citizen, when and where born, and his residence. 

So. In case an applicant has declared his intention to become a citizen, or has been naturalized, 
his affidavit must show the date, place, and the court before which he declared his intention, or 
from which his certificate of citizenship issued, and present residence. 

Si. The affidavit of citizenship may be taken before the register and receiver, or any other offi- 
cer authorized to administer oaths within the district. 

APPOINTMENT OF DEPUTY SURVEYORS OF MINING CLAIMS — CHARGES FOR SURVEYS AND PUB- 
LICATIONS — FEES OF REGISTERS AND RECEIVERS, &C. 

S2. Section 2334 provides for the appointmeut of surveyors of mineral claims, authorizes the 
commissioner of the general land office to establish the rates to be charged for surveys and for 
newspaper publications, prescribes the fees allowed to the local officers for receiving and acting 
upon applications for mining patents, and for adverse claims thereto, &c. 

S\. The surveyors general of the several districts will, in pursuance of said law, appoint in 
each land district as many competent deputies for the survey of mining -claims as may seek such 
appointment; it being distinctly understood that all expenses of these notices and surveys are to 
be borne by the mining-claimants and not by the United States; the system of making deposits 
tor mineral surveys, as required by previous instructions, being hereby revoked as regards field- 
vjoik ,' the claimant having the option of employing any deputy surveyor within such district to 
do his work in the field. 

S4. With regard to the platting of the claim and other office-work in the surveyor general'9 
office, that officer will make an estimate of the cost thereof, which amount the claimant will 



MINING LAWS. 165 

deposit with any assistant United States treasurer, or designated depository, in favor of the 
United States treasurer, to be passed to the credit of the fund created by " individual depositors 
for surveys of the public lands," and file with the surveyor general duplicate certificates of such 
deposit in the usual manner. 

85. The surveyors general will endeavor to appoint mineral deputy surveyors so that one or 
more may be located in each mining district for the greater convenience of miners. 

56. The usual oaths will be required of these deputies and their assistants as to the correct 
ness of each survey executed by them. 

57. The law requires that each applicant shall file with Ihe register and receiver a sworn 
statement of all charges and fees paid by him for publication of notice and for survey; together 
with all fees and money paid the register and receiver, which sworn statement is required to be 
transmitted to this office, for the information of the commissioner. 

SS. Should it appear that excessive or exorbitant charges have been made by any surveyor 
or any publisher, prompt action will be taken with the view of correcting the abuse. 

S9. The fees payable to the register and receiver for filing and acting upon applications for 
mineral land pa'ents are five dollars to each officer, to be paid by the applicant for patent at the 
time of filing, and the like sum of five dollars is payable to each officer by an adverse claimant at 
the time of filing his adverse claim. 

90. All fees or charges under this law may be paid in United States currency. 

91. The register and receiver will, at the close of each month, forward to this office an abstract 
of mining applications filed, and a register of receipts, accompanied with an abstract of mineral 
lands sold, and an abstract of adverse claims filed. 

92. The fees and purchase money received by registers and receivers must be placed to the 
credit of the United Slates in the receiver's monthly and quarterly account, charging up in the 
disbursing account the sums to which the register and receiver may be respectively entitled as 
fees and commissions, with limitations in regard to the legal maximum. 

HEARINGS TO ESTABLISH THE CHARACTER OF LANDS. 

93. Section 2335 provides that all affidavits required under this chapter may be verified before 
any officer authorized to administer oaths within the land -district where the claims may be situ- 
ated, and all testimony and proofs may be taken before any such officer, and when duly certified 
by the officer taking the same shall have the same force and effect as if taken before the register 
and receiver of the land -office. 

94. Hearings of this character, as practically distinguished, are of two kinds. 

1st. Where lands which are sought to be entered and patented as agricultural are alleged by 
affidavit to be mineral, or when sought as mineral their non-mineral character is alleged. 

The proceedings relative to this class are in the nature of a contest between two or more 
known parties, and the testimony may be taken on personal notice of at least ten days, duly 
served on all parties, or, if they cannot be found, then by publication, for thirty days in a news- 
paper of general circulation, to be designated by the register of the land-office as published 
nearest to the land in controversy. If publication is made in a weekly newspaper, the notice 
must be inserted in five consecutive weekly issues thereof. 

2d. When lands are returned as mineral by the surveyof general, or are withdrawn as 
mineral by direction of this office. 

When such lands are sought to be entered as agricultural, notice must be given by publication 
for thirty days, as aforesaid, and also by posting in a conspicuous place on each forty acre sub- 
division of the land claimed, for the same period. 

95. All notices must describe the land, give the name and address of the claimant, the char- 
acter of his claim, and the time, place, and purpose of the hearing. 

Proof of service of notice, when personal, must consist of either acknowledgment of service 
indorsed on the citation, (which is always desirable,) or the affidavit of the party serving the 
same, giving date, place, and manner of service, indorsed as aforesaid. 

Proof of publication must be the affidavit of the publisher of the newspaper, stating the period 
of publication, giving dates, stating whether in a daily or weekly issue, and a copy of the notice 
so published must be attached to, and form a part of, the affidavit. 



l66 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

Proof of posting on tlie claim must be made by the affidavits of two or more persons who state 
when and where the notice was posted; that it remained so posted during the prescribed period, 
giving dates, and a copy of the notice so posted must be attached to, and form a part of, the 
affidavits. 

Proof of notice is indispensable to the regularity of proceedings and must accompany the record 
in every case. • 

The expense of notice must in every case be paid by the parties thereto. 

96: At the hepring there must be filed the affidavit of the publisher of the paper that the said 
notice was published for the required time, stating when and for how long such publication was 
made, a printed copy thereof to be attached and made a pari of the affidavit. In every case 
where practicable, in addition to the foregoing, personal notice must be served upon the mineral 
affiants, and upon any parties who may be mining upon or claiming the land. 

97. At the hearing the claimants and witnesses will be thoroughly examined with regard to 
the character of the land; whether the same has been thoroughly prospected; whether or not 
there exists within the tract or tracts claimed any lode or vein of quartz or other rock in place, 
bearing gold, silver, cinnabar, lead, tin, or copper, or other valuable deposit which has ever been 
claimed, located, recorded, or worked; whether such work is entirely abandoned, or whether 
occasionally resumed; if such lode does exist, by whom claimed, under what designation, and in 
which subdivision of the land it lies; whether any placer-mine or mines exist upon the land; if 
so, what is the character (hereof — whether of the shallow surface description, or of the deep 
cement, blue lead, or gravel deposits; to what extent mining is carried on when water can be 
obtained, and what the facilities are for obtaining water for mining purposes; upon what par- 
ticular ten-acre subdivisions mining has been done, and at what time the land was abandoned 
for mining purposes, if abandoned at all. 

9S. The testimony should also show the agricultural capacities of the land, what kind of crops 
are raised thereon, and the value thereof; the number of acres actually cultivated for crops of 
cereals or vegetables, and within which particular ten acre subdivisions such crops are raised; 
also which of these subdivisions embrace his improvements, giving in detail the extent and value 
of his improvements, such as house, barn, vineyard, orchard, fencing, etc. 

99. It is thought that bona fide settlers upon lands really agricultural will be able to show, by a 
clear, logical, and succinct chain of evidence, that their claims are founded upon law and justice; 
win le parties who have made little or no permanent agricultural improvements, and who only seek 
title for speculative purposes, on account of the mineral deposits known to themselves to be con- 
tained in the land, will be defeated in their intentions. 

100. The testimony should be as full and complete as possible; and, in addition to the leading 
points indicated above, everything of importance bearing upon the question of the character of the 
land should be elicited at the hearing. 

101. Where the testimony is taken before an officer who does not use a seal, other than the reg- 
ister and receiver, the official character of such officer must be attested by a clerk of a court of rec- 
ord, and the testimony transmitted to the register and receiver, who will thereupon examine and 
forward the same to this office, with their joint opinion as to the character of the land as shown by 
the testimony. 

102. When the case comes before this office, such an award of the land will be made as the law 
and the facts may justify; and in cases where a survey is necessary to set apart the mineral from 
the agricultural land in any forty-acre tract, the necessary instructions will be issued to enable 
the agricultural claimant, at his ovjn expense, to have the work done, at his option, either by 
United States deputy, county, or other local surveyor; the survey in such case may be executed 
in such manner as will segregate the portion of land actually containing the mine, and used as 
surface-ground for the convenient working thereof, from the remainder of the tract, which remain- 
der will be patented to the agriculturist to whom the same may have been awarded, subject, how- 
ever, to fhe condition that tne land may be entered upon by the proprietor of any vein or lode for 
which a patent has been issued by the United Slates for the purpose of extracting and removing 
the ore from the same, where found to penetrate or intersect the land so patented as agricultural, 
as stipulated by the mining act. 



MINING LAWS. 167 

103. Such survey when executed must be properly sworn to by the surveyor, either before a 
notary public, officer of a court of record, or before the register or receiver, the deponent's char- 
acter and credibility to be properly certified to by the officer administering the oath. 

104. Upon the filing of the plat and field-notes of such survey, duly sworn to as aforesaid, you 
will transmit the same to the surveyor general for his verification and approval; who, if he finds 
the work correctly performed, will properly mark out the same upon the original township plat 
in his office, and iurnish authenticated copies of such plat and description both to the proper local 
land office and to this office, to be affixed to the duplicate and triplicate township plats respectively. 

105. In cases vvhere a portion of a forty-acre tract is awarded to an agricultural claimant and 
he causes the segregation thereof from the mineral portion, as aforesaid, such agricultural portion 
will not be given a numerical designation as in the case of surveyed mineral claims, but will sim- 
ply be described as the "Fractional quarter of the quarter of section , in town- 
ship , of range , meridian, containing acres, the same being exclusive of the 

land adjudged to be mineral in said forty-acre tract." 

106. The surveyor must correctly compute the area of such agricultural portion, which compu- 
tation will be verified by the surveyor -general. 

107. After the authenticated plat and field notes of the survey have been received from the sur 
veyor-general, this office will issue the necessary order for the entry of the land, and in issuing the 
receiver's receipt and the regisler's patent certificate you will invariably be governed by the de- 
scription of the land given in the order from this office. 

108. The fees for taking testimony and reducing the same to writing in these cases will have to 
be defrayed by the parties in interest. Where such testimony is taken before any other officer than 
the register and receiver, the register and receiver will be entitled to no fees. 

109. If, upon a review of the testimony at this office, a ten-acre tract should be found to be prop- 
erly mineral in character, that fact will be no bar to the execution of the settler's legal right to 
the remaining non-mineral portion of his claim, if contiguous. 

110. No fear need be entertained that miners will be permitted to make entries of tracts osten- 
sibly as mining claims, which are not mineral, simply for the purpose of obtaining possession and 
defrauding settlers out of their valuable agricultural improvements; it being almost an impossi- 
bility for such a fraud to be consummated under the laws and regulations applicable to obtaining 
patents for mining claims. 

in. The fact that a certain tract of land is decided upon testimony to be mineral in character 
is by no means equivalent to an award of the land to a miner. A miner is compelled by law to 
give sixty days' publication of notice, and posting of diagrams and notices, as a preliminary step; 
and then, before he can enter the land, he must show that the land yields mineral; that he is en- 
tilled to the possessory right thereto in virtue of compliance with local customs or rules of miners 
or by virtue of the statute of limitations; that he or his grantors have expended, in actual labor 
and improvements an amount of not less tha-n five hundred dollars thereon, and that the claim is 
one in regard to which there is no controversy or opposing claim. After all these proofs are met, 
he is entitled to have a survey made at his own cost where a survey is required, after which he can 
enter and pay for the land embraced by his claim. 

J. A. WILLIAMSON, 

Commissioner. 



l68 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

MINING LAWS OF COLORADO. 



AN ACT CONCERNING MINES. 

Be it enacted by the Council and House oj Representatives of Colorado : 

EXTENT OF LODE CLAIM. 

Section i. The length of any lode claim hereafter located may equal but not exceed fifteen 
hundred feet along the vein. 

DIMENSIONS. 

Sec. 2. The width of lode claims hereafter located in Gilpin, Clear Creek, Boulder and Summit 
counties, shall be seventy-five feet on each side of the centre of the vein or crevice; and in all other 
counties the width of the same shall be one hundred and fifty feet on each side of the centre of the 
vein or crevice: Provided, That hereafter any county may, at any general election, determine on a 
greater width, not exceeding three hundred feet on each side of the centre of the vein or lode, by a 
majority of the legal votes cast at said election; and any county, by such vote at such election, may 
determine upon a less width than above specified. 

CERTIFICATE OF LOCATION. 

Sec. 3. The discoverer of a lode shall, within three months from the date of discovery, record 
his claim in the office of the recorder of the county in which such lode is situated by a location cer- 
tificate, which shall contain: 1st, the name of the lode; 2d, the name of the locator; 3d, the date of 
location; 4th, the number of feet in length claimed on each side of the centre of the discovery shaft; 
5th, the general course of the lode as near as may be. 

WHEN VOID. 

Sec. 4. Any location certificate of a lode claim which shall not contain the name of the lode, the 
name of the locator, the date of location, the number of lineal feet claimed on each side of the dis- 
covery shaft, the general course of the lode, and such description as shall identify the claim with 
reasonable certainty, shall be void. 

DISCOVERY SHAFT. 

Sec 5. Before filing such location certificate the discoverer shall locate his claim by first sinking 
a discovery shaft upon the lode to the depth of at least ten feet from the lowest part of the rim of 
such shaft at the surface, or deeper, if necessary to show a well-defined crevice. Second, by post- 
ing at the point of discovery on the surface, a plain sign or notice containing the name of the lode, 
the name of the locator, and the date of discovery. Third, by marking the surface boundaries of 
the claim. 

STAKING. 

Sec 6. Such surface boundaries shall be marked by six substantial posts, hewed or marked on 
the side or sides which are in toward the claim, and sunk in the ground, to wit: One at each cor- 
ner and one at the centre of each side line. Where it is practically impossible on account of bed- 
rock or precipitous ground to sink such posts, they may be placed in a pile of stones. 

OPEN CUTS, ETC. 

Sfc. 7. Any open cut, cross cut or tunnel which shall cut a lode at the depth of ten feet below 
the surface, shall hold such lode the same as if a discovery shaft were sunk thereon, or an adit of at 
least ten feet along the lode, from the point where the lode may be in any manner discovered, shall 
be equivalent to a discovery shaft. 

TIME. 

Sec. 8. The discoverer shall have sixty days from the time of uncovering or disclosing a lode to 
sink a discovery shaft thereon. 

CONSTRUCTION OF CERTIFICATE. 

Sec 9. The location or location certificate of any lode claim shall be construed to include all 
surface ground within the surface lines thereof and all lodes and ledges throughout their entire 
depth, the top or apex of which lies inside of such lines extended downward, vertically, with such 
parts of all lodes or ledges as continue to dip beyond the side lines of the claim, but shall not include 
any portion of such lodes or ledges beyond the end lines of the claim, or at the end lines continued, 
whether by dip or otherwise, or beyond the side lines in any other manner than by the clip of the 
lode. 



MINING LAWS. 169 

CAN NOT BE FOLLOWED. 

Sec. 10. If the top or apex of a lode in its longitudinal course extends beyond the exterior lines of 
the claim at any point on the surface, or as extended vertically downward, such lode may not be 
followed in its longitudinal course beyond the point where it is intersected by the exterior lines. 

RIGHT OF WAY AND RIGHT OF SURFACE. 

Sec 11. All mining claims now located, or which may hereafter be located, shall be subject to 
the right of way of any ditch or flume for mining purposes, or any tramway or packtrail, whether 
now in use or which may be hereafter laid out across any such location: Provided, always, That 
such right of way shall not be exercised against any location duly made and recorded and not aban- 
doned prior to the establishment of the ditch or flume, tramway, or pack-trail, without consent of 
the owner, except by condemnation, as in case of land taken for public highways. Parole consent 
to the location of any such easement, accompanied by the completion of the same over the claim, 
shall be sufficient without writings. And provided jurther. That such ditch or flume shall be so 
constructed that the water from such ditch or flume shall not injure vested rights by flooding or 
otherwise. 

Sec 12. When the right to mine is in any case separate from the ownership or right of occupancy 
to the surface, the owner or rightful occupant of the surface may demand satisfactory security from 
the miner, and if it be refused, may enjoin such miner from working until such security is given. 
The order for injunction shall fix the amount of the bond. 

RELOCATION OF CLAIMS. 

Sec. 13. If at any time the locator of any mining claim heretofore or hereafter located, or his 
assigns, shall apprehend that his original certificate was defective, erroneous, or that the require- 
ments of the law had not been complied with before filing; or shall be desirous of changing his 
surface boundaries; or of taking in any part of an overlapping claim which has been abandoned; 
or in case the original certificate was made prior to the passage of this law, and he shall be desir- 
ous of securing the benefits of this act, such locator or his assigns may file an additional certificate, 
subject to the provisions of this act: Provided, That such relocation does not interfere with the 
existing rights of others, at the time of such relocation; and no such relocation, or the record thereof, 
shall preclude the claimant or claimants from proving any such title or titles as he or they may have 
held under previous location. 

PROOF OF DEVELOPMENT. 

Sec. 14. The amount of work done, or improvements made during each year, shall be that pre- 
scribed by the laws of the United States. 

FORM OF AFFIDAVIT. 

Sec. 15. Within six months after any set time, or annual period herein allowed for the perform- 
ance of labor or making improvements upon any lode claim, the person on whose behalf such out- 
lay was made, or some person for him, shall make and record an affidavit in substance as follows: 

State of Colorado, I 

County of J ' 

Before me, the subscriber, personally appeared who, being duly sworn, 

saith that at least dollars' worth of work or improvements were 

performed or made upon [here describe the claim or part of claim] situate in 

mining district, county of State of Colorado. Such expenditure was made by or at the 

expense of owners of said claim, for the purpose of said claim. 

[Jurat.] (Signature.) 

And such signature shall be prima Jade evidence of the performance of such labor. 

WORKING OVER OLD CLAIMS. 

Sec. 16. The relocation of abandoned lode claims shall be by sinking a new discovery shaft and 
fixing new boundaries in the same manner as if it were the location of a new claim; or the relocator 
may sink the original discovery shaft ten feet deeper than if was at the time of abandonment, and 
erect new or adopt the old boundaries, renewing the posts if removed or destroyed. In either case 
a new location stake shall be erected. In any case, whether the whole or part of an abandoned 
claim is taken, the location certificate may state that the whole or any part of the new location is 
located as abandoned property. 

RECORD FOR CLAIM. 

Sec 17. No location certificate shall claim more than one location, whether the location be made 



170 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

by one or several locators. And if it purport to claim more than one location, it shall be absolutely 
void, except as to the first location therein described. And if they are described together, so that it 
can not be told which location is first described, the certificate shall be void as to all. 

Sec. iS. All acts or parts of acts in conflict with this act are hereby repealed. 

Sec. 19. This act shall be in force from and after June 15, 1S74. 

Approved February, 13 1S74. 



SUPPLEMENTARY ACT. 

Be it enacted by the Council and House of Representatives of Colorado. 

JURISDICTION OF AUTHORITIES. 

Sec. I. In all actions pending in any district court of this territory, wherein the title or right of 
possession to any mining claim shall be in dispute, the said court, or the judge thereof, may, upon 
application of any of the parties to such suit, enter an order for the underground as well as the sur- 
face survey of such part of the property in dispute as may be necessary to a just determination of 
the question involved. Such order shall designate some competent surveyor, not related to any of 
the parties to such suit, or in anywibe interested in the result of the same; and upon the application 
of the party adverse to such application, the court may also appoint some competent surveyor, to be 
selected by such adverse applicant, whose duty it shall be to attend upon such survey, and observe 
the method of making the same; said second surveyor to be at the cost of the party asking therefor. 
It shall also be lawful in such order to specify the names of witnesses named by either party, not 
exceeding three on each side, to examine such property, who shall hereupon be allowed to enter 
into such property and examine the same; said court, or the judge thereof, may also cause the re- 
moval of any rock, debris, or other obstacle in any of the drifts or shafts of said property, when 
such removal is shown to be necessary to a just determination of the questions involved: Provided, 
however, That no such order shall be made for survey and inspection, except in open court or in 
chambers, upon notice of application for such order of at least six days, and not then except by 
agreement of parties or upon the affidavit of two or more persons that such survey and inspection is 
necessary to the just determination of the suit, which affidavits shall slate the facts in such case, and 
wherein the necessity for survey exists; nor shall such order be made unless it appears that the 
party asking therefor has been refused the privilege of survey and inspection by the adverse party. 

WRITS RESTORING POSSESSION. 

Sec. 2. The said district courts of this stale, or any judge thereof, sitting in chancery, shall have 
in addition to the power already possessed, power to issue writs of injunction for affirmative relief, 
having the force and effect of a writ of restitution, restoring any person or persons to the possession 
of any mining property from which he or they may have been ousted, by force and violence, or by 
fraud, or from which they are kept out of possession by threats, or whenever such possession was 
taken from him or them by entry of the adverse party on Sunday or a legal holiday, or while the 
party in possession was temporarily absent therefrom. The granting of such writ to extend only to 
the right of possession under the facts of the case in respect to the manner in which the possession 
was obtained, leaving the parties to their legal rights on all other questions as though no such writ 
had issued. 

PENALTIES FOLLOWING UNLAWFUL ENTRY. 

Sec. 3. In all cases where two or more persons shall associate themselves together for the pur- 
pose of obtaining the possession of any lode, gulch or placer claim, then in the actual possession of 
another, by force and violence, or threats of violence, or by stealth, and shall proceed to carry out 
such purpose by making threats against the party or parties in possession, or who shall enter upon 
such lode or mining claim for the purpose aforesaid, or who shall enter upon or into any lode, gulch, 
placer claim, quartz mill, or other mining property, or not being upon such property, but within 
hearing of the same, shall make any threats, or make use of any language, signs or gestures, cal- 
culated to intimidate any person or persons at work on said property, from continuing to work 
thereon or therein, or to intimidate others from engaging to work thereon or therein, every such 
person so offending shall, on conviction thereof, be fined in a sum not to exceed two hundred and 
fifty dollars, and be imprisoned in the county jail not less than thirty days nor more than six months; 
such fine to be discharged either by payment or by confinement in said jail until such fine is dis- 



MINING LAWS. 



171 



charged al the rate of two dollars and fifty cents ($2.50) per day. On trials under this section, proof 
of a common purpose of two or more persons to obtain possession of property, as aforesaid, or to 
intimidate laborers as above set forth, accompanied or followed by any of the acts above specified 
by any of them, shall be sufficient evidence to convict ?ny one committing such acts, although the 
parties may not be associated together at the time of committing the same. 

FORCE OR VIOLENCE. 

Sec. 4. If any person or persons shall associate and agree to enter or attempt to enter by force 
cf numbers, and the terror such numbers are calculated to inspire, or by force and violence, or by 
threats of violence against any person or persons in the actual possession of any lode, gulch or placer 
claim, and upon such entry or attempted entry, any person or persons shall be killed, said persons, 
and all and each of them so entering or attempting to enter, shall be deemed guilty of murder in 
the first degree, and pjnished accordingly. Upon the trial of such cases, any person or parties cog- 
nizant of such entry, or attempted entry, who shall be present, aiding, assisting, or in any wise en- 
couraging such entry, or attempted entry, shall be deemed a principal in the commission of said 
offense. 

Sec. 5. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. 

Approved February 13, 1S74. 



THE ACT OF 1877. 

An Act to provide for the Drainage of Mines, and to regulate the Liabilities of Miners, Mine- 

Ozvners and Milt Men in certain cases, and to repeal all Territorial acts on the subject. 
Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the Stale of Colorado : 

DRAINAGE. 

1S30. — Section I. Whenever contiguous or adjacent mines upon the same or upon separate lodes 
have a common ingress of water, or from subterraneous communication of the water have a com- 
mon drainage, it shall be the duly of the owners, lessees or occupants of each mine so related to 
provide for their proportionate share of the drainage thereof. 

PENALTY FOR NON-COMPLIANCE. 

1831. — Sec. 2. Any parties so related failing to provide as aforesaid for the drainage of the 
mines owned or occupied by them, thereby imposing an unjust burden upon neighboring mines, 
whether owned or occupied by them, shall pay respectively to those performing the work of drain- 
age their proportion of the actual and necessary cost and expense of doing such drainage, to be re- 
covered by an action in any court of competent jurisdiction. 

common interests. 

1832. — Sec. 3. It shall be lawful for all mining corporations or companies, and all individuals 
engaged in mining, who have thus a common interest in draining such mines, to unite for the pur- 
pose of effecting the same, under such common name and upon such terms and conditions as may 
be agreed upon; and every such association having filed a certificate of incorporation, as provided 
by law, shall be deemed a corporation, with all the rights, incidents and liabilities of a body cor- 
porate, so far as the same may be applicable. 

subject to action. 

1S33. — Sec. 4. Failing to mutually agree, as indicated in the preceding section for drainage, 
jointly, one or more of the said parties may undertake the work of drainage, after giving reasona- 
ble notice; and should the remaining parties then fail, neglect or refuse to unite in equitable 
arrangements for doing the work, or sharing the expense thereof, they shall be subject to an action 
therefor as already specified, to be enforced in any court of competent jurisdiction. 

action to recover. 

1S34.— Sec. 5. When an action is commenced to recover ihe cost and expenses for draining a 
lode or mine, it shall be lawful for the plaintiff to apply to the court, if in session, or to the judge 
thereof in vacation, for an order to inspect ard examine the lodes or mines claimed to have been 
drained by the plaintiff; or somo one for him shall make affidavit that such inspection or examina- 
tion is necessary for a proner preparation of the case for trial; and the court or judge shall grant 
an order for the underground inspection and examination of the lode or mines described in the 
petition. Such order shall designate the number of persons, not exceeding three, besides the plain- 



I7 2 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

tiff or his representative, to examine and inspect such lode and mines, and take the measurements 
thereof, relating- to the amount of water drained from the lode or mine, or the number of fathoms 
of ground mined and worked out of the lode or mines claimed to have been drained, the cost of 
such examination and inspection to be borne by the party applying- therefor. The court or judge 
shall have power to cause the removal of any rock, debris, or other obstacles in any lode or vein, 
when such removal is shown to be necessary to a just determination of the question involved : Pro- 
vided, That no such order for inspection and examination shall be made, except in open court or at 
numbers, upon notice of application for such order of at least three days, and not then except by 
agreement of parties, nor unless it appears that the plaintifl has been refused the privilege of mak- 
ing the inspection and examination by the defendant or defendants, his or their agent. 

WATER RIGHTS. 

'835. — Sec. 6. That hereafter, when any person or persons, or corporation, shall be engaged in 
mining or milling, and in the prosecution of such business shall hoist or raise water from mines or 
natural channels, and the same shall flow away from the premises of such persons or corporations 
to any natural channel or gulch, the sr.me shall be considered beyond the control of the parties so 
hoisting or raising the same, and maj be taken and used by other parties the same as that of natural 
water-courses. 

1S36. — Sec. 7. After any such water shall have been so raised, and the same shall have flown 
into any such natural channel, gulch or draw, the party so hoisting or raising the same shall only 
be liable for injury caused thereby, in the same manner as riparian owners along natural water- 
courses. 

EXPLANATORY. 

'837. — Sec. 8. The provisions of this act shall not be construed to apply to incipient or undevel- 
oped mines, but to those only which shall have been opened, and shall clearly derive a benefit 
from being drained. 

evidence. 

1S38. — Sec. 9. In trial of cases arising under this act the court shall admit evidence of the nor- 
mal stand or position of the water while at rest in an idle mine, also the observed prevalence of a 
common water-level or a standing water-line in the same or separate lodes; also the effect, if any, 
the elevating or depressing the water by natural or mechanical means in any given lode has upon 
elevating or depressing the water in the same, contiguous or separate lodes or mines; also the 
effect which draining or ceasing to drain anv given lode or mine had upon the water in the same 
or contiguous or separate lodes or mines, and all other evidence which tends to prove the common 
ingress or subterraneous communication of water into the same lode or mine, or contiguous or 
separate lodes or mines. 

Approved March 16, 1877. 

TAXES. 

Section 3, Article 10, of the Constitution of the State of Colorado, reads as follows: 
"All taxes shall be uniform upon the same class of subjects within the territorial limits of the 
authority levying the tax, and shall be levied and collected under general laws, which shall pre- 
scribe such regulations as shall secure a just valuation for taxation of all property, real and per- 
sonal: Provided, That mines and mining claims bearing gold, silver, and other precious metals, 
(except the net proceeds and surface improvements thereof,) shall be exempt from taxation for the 
period often years from the date of the adoption of this constitution, and thereafter may be taxed 
as provided by law. Ditches, canals, and flumes owned and used by individuals or corporations 
for irrigating lands owned by such individuals or corporations, or the individual members thereof, 
Khali not be separately taxed, so long as they shall be owned and used exclusively for such purpose." 



MINING LAWS. 1 73 

MINING LAWS OF ARIZONA. 

ACTS RELATING TO MINES.* 



An Act Allowing Persons in the Military Service of the United 
States and of this Territory to Hold Mining Claims. 



[Approved November 9, 1S64.] 

3109 — Section i. All persons in the military service of the United States or this territory shall 
be allowed to locate claims on mineral lodes or veins in the limits of this territory, subject to the 
requirements of the mining: laws of this territory, and shall be protected in the possession of the 
same, and shall have the same rights in all respects, in regard to such claims, as like persons not 
in the military service. 

31 10 — Sec. 2. All the laws of any mining- district contrary to the spirit and provisions of thisacl 
are declared to be null and void, and shall not be evidence in any court having jurisdiction of min- 
ing suits in this territory. 

Sec. 3. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. 



An Act of Placer Mines and Mining. 

[Approved December 30, 1S65.] 

3111 — Section i. It shall be lawful for any person, company, or association who shall place 
upon the mineral lands of this territory commonly called placer mining grounds, a pump or pumps, 
having a capacity sufficient to raise at least one hundred gallons of water per minute, with an en- 
gine or other power attached thereto, of sufficient power to work the same, with the bona fide in- 
tention of working the said placer grounds for the purpose of extracting the gold therefrom, to lo- 
cate an amount of said placer grounds equal in extent to one quarter section, in such form and 
direction as he or they may elect; Provided, That said location shall in no case be more than one 
mile in length, nor less than one quarter of a mile in width; and, Provided, That said machinery 
shall be used at least three months in each year for raising water to extract the gold from said 
grounds, and the presence of said machinery upon said grounds shall be the only evidence of title 
to said grounds; but in no case shall this act be so construed as to mean placer grounds which can 
be worked by water brought in ditches or flumes from any stream or other deposit of water; and 
said locations shall not in any case be made upon any grounds in die possession of any miner or 
miners at the time of location. 

3113 — Sec. 2. This act shall only apply to the county of Yuma. 

Sec. 3. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. 



An Act Providing for the Location and Registration of Mines 
and Mineral Deposits, and for Other Purposes. 



[Approved November 5, 1S66.] 

3113— Section i. The mining districts heretofore created in the several counties of this territory 
are hereby authorized and empowered to make all necessary rules and regulations for the location, 
registry and working of mines therein; Provided, That all locations and registrations of mines 
and mineral deposits hereafter made in any of the said districts shall be transmitted to the county 
recorder for record within sixty days after the same shall have been located. 



* This chapter is in place of chapter fifty of the Howell code, which has been repealed. 



174 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

31 14 — Sec, 2. The county recorders of the several counties are authorized and required to pro- 
cure suitable books in which the records of all mines and mineral deposits shall be kept, which 
said books shall be paid for out of the county treasury, and they shall receive for their services 
herein the following fees: For recording and indexing each claim not exceeding one folio, one 
dollar; and for each additional folio, twenty cents. 

31 15 — Sec. 3. Nothing in this act shall be so construed as to affect the claims to mines and min- 
eral deposits heretofore located and duly recorded. 

3116 — Sec. 4. The claim of the territory to all mining claims heretofore located is hereby aban- 
doned, and the same are hereby declared open to relocation and registry; Provided, That nothing 
herein contained shall be so construed as to aftect mining claims heretofore sold and disposed of 
by the territory. 

31 17— Sec. 5. Nothing in this act shall be construed toapply to placer mines or mining, or other 
mineral deposits other than those commonly called veins or lode mines. 

31 iS — Sec. 6. Chapter fifty, of the Howell code, entitled, "Of the registration and government 
of mines and mineral deposits," as well as all other acts or parts of acts in conflict with the provi- 
sions of this act, are hereby repealed. 

Sec. 7. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after the first day of January, a. d 
eighteen hundred and sixty-seven. 



An Act to Provide for the Segregation of Mining Claims. 



[Approved September 30, 1S67.] 

31 19 — Section i. Whenever any one or more joint owners or tenants in common of gold, silver, 
copper, or mineral-bearing ledges or claims may desire to work or develop such ledges or claims, 
and any other owner or owners thereof shall fail or refuse to join in said work, after due notice 
of at least thirty days, given by publication in one newspaper printed in the county in which such 
ledges or claims are located, and if none be printed in said county, then in any newspaper printed 
in the territory, said notice to have publication in four successive weeks of said paper, said other 
owner or owners may, upon application to the district court of the district wherein the iedge or 
claim is situated, cause the interests of said parties so refusing to be set off or segregated as here- 
inafter set forth. 

3120 — Sec. 2. The owner or owners of any mineral-bearing ledge or claim after the expiration 
of said thirty days' notice having been given, may, if the party or parties notified fail or refuse lo 
join in the working or developing said ledge or claim may be situated, for a partition or segrega- 
tion of the interest or interests of the party or parties so failing or refusing to join. 

3121 — Sec. 3. The party or parties so applying shall set forth the fact that the said parties have 
been duly notified, in accordance with section one of this act, and that said party or parties have 
failed or refused lo join in said work; all of which shall be sustained by the oath or affirmation of 
one or more of the parties applying; and, upon such application being made, the clerk of thesaid 
court shall post a notice at the office of the county recorder, and in two other conspicuous places 
within the district, stating the application, and notifying the parties interested that unless they 
appear within sixty days, and show good cause why the prayer of the petitioner should not be 
granted, that the same will be granted if good cause can be shown. 

3122 — Sec. 4. At the expiration of said sixty days, if the party or parties notified do not appear 
and show good cause why the prayer of the petitioner should not be granted, the court shall ap- 
point two commissioners to go upon the ground and segregate the claims of the parties refusing 
to join; and in case thev do not agree, thev to choose a third party; and said commissioners shall 
make a report in writing to said court, who shall issue a decree in conformity with said report, 
which shall be final, except appeal be taken to the supreme court within thirty days after issuance 
thereof. 

3123 — Sec. 5. The provisions of this act shall not apply to the counties of Yavapai and 1'ima, 
and the county of Yuma. 



MINING LAWS. 1 75 

3124 — Sec. 6. All acts and parts of acts in conflict with the provisions of this act are hereby 
repealed. 
Sec. 7. This act shall lake effect and be in force from and after its passage. 



An Act Supplementary to Chapter XXXV., Howell Code, "Of the 
Limitation of Actions." 



[Approved November 5, 1S66.] 

21 1 1 — SECTION I. No action for the recovery of property in mining- claims, or for the recovery 
of possession thereof, shall be maintained unless it appear that the plaintiff, his ancestor, prede- 
cessor, or grantor was seized or possessed of the premises in question within two years before the 
commencement of the action. 

21 12 — Sec. 2. No cause of action or defence to an action, founded upon the title to property in 
mining claims, or to the rents or profits out of the same, shall be effectual unless it appear that the 
person prosecuting the action, or making the defense, or under whose title the action is prosecuted 
or the defense is made, or the ancestor, predecessor, or gn'ntor of such person, was seized or pos- 
sessed of the premises in question within two years before the commencement of the act in respect 
to which such action is prosecuted or defence made. 

21 13 — Sec. 3. All acts or parts of acts in conflict with this act are hereby repealed. 

Sec. 4. This act shall take eflect and be in force from and after its passage. 



An Act Conferring Jurisdiction of all Mining Claims on the Dis- 
trict Court. 



[Approved December 30, 1S65.] 
Be it enacted, etc. I 

2366 — Section i. The district courts of said territory shall haveexclusive original jurisdiction 
of all suits and proceedings relating to mines and mineral and auxiliary lands, and the registry, 
and denouncement of the same, and all the jurisdiction, power, and authority conferred upon the 
probate courts and probate judges by chapter fifty of the Howell code, entitled, "Of the Registry 
and Government of Mines and Mineral Deposits," or otherwise, are hereby conferred upon the dis- 
trict courts and district judges respectively. 

2367 — Sec. 2. That section two of title one of said chapter is hereby repealed, and also all the 
other provisions of said chapter, conferring jurisdiction upon the probate courts and probate 
judges, over suits and proceedings relating to mines, mineral, and auxiliary lands, as well as other 
acts and parts of acts inconsistent with the provisions of this act. 

236S — Sec. 3. All suits and other proceedings in said probate courts, now pending therein, and 
over which said probate courts have jurisdiction, are hereby transferred to, and shall be continued 
in, the district court of the county in which said suits and proceedings are now pending. 

2369 — Sec. 4. The clerks of the probate courts shall, within thirty days after the publication of 
this act, transfer to and file in the office of the district courts of their respective counties, pll records 
and papers in suits and proceedings relating to mines, mineral, and auxiliary lands, which records 
and papers shall be kept and filed by the clerks of said district courts, and when so transferred 
and tiled, said suits and proceedings shall be proceeded with as though commenced in said district 
courts; Provided, That in counties where there shall be no clerks of the district courts, the records 
and papers shall be transferred and filed as aforesaid within thirty days after the appointment of 
said clerks and their acceptance thereof. 

Sec. 5. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. 



A Justice of the Peace has not Jurisdiction in Mining Cases. 

3°5° — Sec. 623. No action in regard to mining claims shall be maintained before any justice of 
the peace, 



176 WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 

MINING LAWS OF NEW MEXICO. 

The mining laws of New Mexico are simpler than those of any other state or 
territory in the Union. By them only one record is necessary. If the claim is 
filed in the recorder's office of the county in which the property is situated the 
title is perfect, and to learn all about the claims in a county a man has but to 
go to the recorder's office. 

GENERAL LAWS OF 1876; CHAPTER XXXVIII. 

An Act to Regulate the Manner of Locating Mining Claims and 
for Other Purposes. 



CONTENTS. 
Sec. 1. Location — bounds to be marked; notice of name of locator; make record in three months. 
Sec. 2. Record books must be provided. 
Sec. 3. Value of labor on mining claims defined. 

Sec 4. Locations heretofore made, there being no adverse claims, may file claim within six months. 
Sec 5. Ejectment in mining claims and real estate. 
Sec. 6. Repeals former acts. 
Be it enacted by the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of New Mexico ! 

Section I. That any person or persons desiring- to locate a mining claim upon a vein or lode of 
quartz or other rock in place bearing gold, silver, cinnabar, lead, tin, copper or other valuable de- 
posit, must distinctly mark the location on the ground so that its boundaries maybe readily traced; 
and post in some conspicuous place on such location, a notice in writing slating thereon the name 
or names of the locator or locators, his or their intention to locate the mining claim, giving a de- 
scription thereof, by reference to some natural object or permanent monument as will identify the 
claim; and also within three months after posting such notice, cause to be recorded a copy thereof 
in the office of the recorder of the county in which the notice is posted; and provided no other record 
of such notice shall be necessary. 

Sec 2. In order to carry out the intent of the preceding section, it is hereby made the duty of the 
probate judges of the several counties of this territory, and they are hereby required to provide at 
the expense of their respecuve counties, such book or books as may be necessary and suitable in 
which to enter the record hereinbefore provided for. The fees for recording such notices shall be 
ten cents for every one hundred words. 

Sec 3. That in estimating the worth of labor required to be performed upon any mining claim, 
to hold the same by the laws of the United States, in the regulation of mines, the value of a day's 
labor is hereby fixed at the sum of four dollars: Provided, however, That in the sense of this stat- 
ute, eight hours of labor actually performed upon the mining claim shall constitute a day's labor. 

Sec 4. All locations heretofore made in good faith, to which there shall be no adverse claims, 
the certificate of which locations have been or may be filed for record and recorded in the recorder's 
office of the county where the location is made within six months after the passage of this act, are 
hereby confirmed and made valid. But where there may appear to be any such adverse claim, the 
said locations shall be held to be the property of the person having the superior title or claim, ac- 
cording to the laws in force al the time of the making of the said locations. 

Si c. 5. An action of ejectment will lie for the recovery of the possession of a mining claim, un- 
well also of any real estate, where the party suing has been wrongfully ousted from the possession 
thereof, and the possession wrongfully detained. 

Sec. 6. That "an act concerning mining claims," approved January iSth, 1S65, and an act amen- 
datory thereof, approved January 3d, 1S66; also, an act entitled an act to amend certain acts con- 
cerning mining claims in the territory of New Mexico, approved January 1, 1S72; be and the same 
are hereby repealed: Provided, That no locations completed or commenced under said acts shall 
be invalidated or in any wise affected by such repeal. 

Sic. 7. That (his act shall take effect and be in full force from and after its passage. 

Approved January 11,1876. 



GLOSSARY. 



DICTIONARY OF MINING TERMS. 

The following are the principal terms in common use among 
miners : 



Adit. — A level, a horizontal drift or passage 
from the surface into a mine. 

Alluvium. — A deposit of loose gravel be- 
tween the superficial covering of vegetable 
mould and subjacent rock. 

Amalgam. — Gold or silver combined with 
quicksilver. 

Arastra (Mexican). — A circular combina- 
tion in which ore is ground to powder by 
attrition of heavy stones. 

Assay i ng. — Finding the percentage of a given 
metal in ore or bullion. 

Assessment — Amount levied on capital stock. 

Barren Contact. — A contact vein, or a place 
in the contact vein, which has no mineral. 

Base Bullion. — Precious metals contained 
in lead. 

Bed Rock. — The formation underlying pay 
dirt. 

Blende. — An ore of zinc, consisting of zinc 
and sulphur. 

Blind Lode. — A lode having no outcrop. 

Blossom Rock. — Float ore, found upon the 
surface or near where lodes or ledges out- 
crop and from which they have become de- 
tached. 

Bonanza. — Fair weather; a mine is said to en 
bonanza when it is yielding a profit. It is a 
Spanish term meaning good luck, and is 
often used to mean a large body of ore. 

Breasting Ore. — Taking ore from the face, 
breast, or end of a tunnel. 

Bullion. — Precious metals, gold and silver 
not coined. 

Cage. — The elevator used for hoisting and 
lowering the ore cars, men and materials of 
a mine. 

Cap Rock. — Formation overlaying the ore or 
vein stone. 



Carbonate. — A geological formation which 

carries silver ore, and runs from s to 75 per 

cent, of lead — whence its name — and the 

rest, dirt, gravel, sand, arsenic, sometimes 

a little gold and other minerals. It varies 

in appearance from ordinary wet soil to 

hard glistening rock. 
Carboniferous. — Containing coal. 
Claim. — A piece of land twenty-five to three 

hundred feet wide and fifteen hundred lect 

long, which the government sells to the 

man who finds mineral within its limits. 
Chlorides. — A compound of chlorine and 

silver. 
Chute. — An inclined channel through which 

ore slides. 
Conglomerate. — Pudding stone, composed 

of gravel and pebbles cemented together. 
Contact. — A touching, meeting, or junction 

of two different kinds of rock, as porphyry 

and slate. 
Contact Vein. — A vein along the contact 

plane of, or between two dissimilar rock 

masses. 
Crevice. — A narrow opening, resulting from 

a split or crack; a fissure. 
Cribbing. — A timber or plank lining of a 

shaft; the confining of a wall-rock. 
Cord of Ore. — 12S cubic feet of broken ore; 

about seven tons in quartz rock. 
Country Rock. — Rock on either side of a lode 

or ledge, usually barren — the permanent 

rock, enclosing a vein. 
Croppings. — The rock that appears on the 

surface indicating the presence of a lode. 
Cross Cut. — A level driven across the course 

of a vein. 
Cupriferous. — Containing copper. 
Debris.— Sediment from mines. 



177 



ITS 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



Denudation. — Rocks laid bare by running 
water or other agencies. 

DErosiT. — A body of ore distinct from a ledge. 

Diggings. — Name applied to placers being 
worked. 

Dip. — The slope, pitch, or angle, which a vein 
makes with the plane of the horizon. 

Diluvium. — A deposit of supeficial sand, loam, 
pebbles, gravel, etc. 

Drift. — A horizontal passage underground. 

Dump. — The pile of ore or debris taken from 
mines, or tailings from sluicing. 

End Lines.— The lines bounding the ends of a 
claim. 

Face. — End of level or tunnel against the ore 
or rock. 

Fathom. — Six feet square on the vein. 

Feeder. — A small vein joining a larger one. 

Fissure Vein.— A fissure or crack in the 
earth's crust filled with mineral matter. The 
two walls are always of the same geologi- 
cal formation. 

Float.— Loose rock or isolated masses of ore, 
or ore'detached from the original formation. 

Flux.— The flow of the ore in the furnace of the 
smelter. To " flux " mineral is to get it so 
it will melt and run. It is obtained by add- 
ing to the ore certain proportions of other 
minerals, as of coke, coal, or iron. 

Flume. — Boxing or piping for conveying 
water. 

Foot-wall. — The layer of rock immediately 
under the vein. 

Forfeiture. — A failure to comply with the 
laws, prescribing the quantity of work. 

Free Gold. — Gold easily separated from the 
quartz or dirt. 

Galena. — Lead ore; sulphur and lead. 

( i \x(,ue. — The substance inclosing and accom- 
panying the ore in a vein. 

Gash Vein. — A vein wide above and narrow 
below. 

Geode. — A cavity studded around with crys- 
tals or mineral matter; a rounded ' stone 
containing such a cavity. 

Gulch.— A ravine. 

Grizzley. — Bars set in a tlume to strain out 
the large stones used in hydraulic mining. 

Hanging Wall. — The layer of rock or wall 
over a lode. 

Hard Carbonate.— Carbonate ore so hard 
thai it 1m to ed out, or picked out 

with much difficulty. It is a mineral, the iron 
and lead of which are but little oxydized 
and carbonated by contact with the lime. 



Heading. — The vein above the drift. 

Headings. — In placer mining, the mass or 
gravel above the head of sluice. 

High Grade Ore. — See low grade ore. 

Horse. — A mass of rock matter occurring in 
or between the branches of a vein. 

Inch of Water. — About two and a half cubic 
feet per minute, the water that will run out 
of an opening one inch square, or section 
under head of six inches. 

Incline. — A slanting shaft. 

In Place. — A mineral is " in place " when it is 
where it geologically belongs. Mineral in 
the carbonate vein is " in place," but mine- 
ral found lying loose on the mountain side, 
in large rocks, for example, or lodged in the 
porphyry under ground, is not "in place." 
A man may strike mineral, but if it is not 
"in place" he is apt to be deceived as to 
the extent of his discovery. 

Jumping a Claim. — Relocating a claim on 
which the required work has been done. 

Level.— A tunnel cut on the vein from main 
tunnel. A drift.. 

Ledge. — A lode or vein. 

Little Giant. — A movable nozzle attached to 
hydraulic pipes. 

Locate.— To establish the possessory right to 
a mining claim; the property secured being 
designated " claim " or " location." 

Lode.— Justice Field, of the United Suites su- 
preme court, has defined it to lie any zone 
or bell of mineralized rock lying within the 
boundaries clearly separating it from the 
neighboring rock. It includes all deposits 
of mineral found through a mineralized /< »ne 
or belt, coming from the same source, im- 
pressed with the same forms, and appearing 
to have been created by the same pro- 
cess. 

Low Grade Ore. — Ore which runs below 
twenty ounces ot silver to the ton. 50 pel- 
cent, of the ton being lead. Ore which runs 
more silver, with 50 or more per cent of 
lead is "high grade" ore, yet a higB p' ■! 
cent, of lead is necessary to make it high 
tjnide ore. For example, ore with one hun- 
dred ounces of silver to the ton, but with no 
lead, would rank low grade, as the Smelting 
would cost so much as to leave little profit 
to the miner. 

M11.1. Run.— A test ol quality of ore after re- 
duction. 

Outcrop.— That portion of a vein appearing at 
the surfai e. 



GLOSSARY. 



I79- 



Pan or Panning.— Usually to wash the dirt 
from the free gold with a pan; the pan re- 
sembles an ordinary milk-pan. 

Patch. — A small placer claim. 

Petering. — Ore giving out. 

Pilgrim. — Fresh arrival from the east or 
" states." 

Pitch. — The same as dip. 

Piping. — Washing gravel in a hydraulic claim 
by discharging water upon it through a 
nozzle. 

Placer. — A gravelly place where gold is 
found; includes all forms of mineral depos- 
its excepting veins in place. 

Pocket. — A rich spot in a vein or deposit. 
Sometimes an entire claim contains but 
one or two pockets, which makes it less de- 
sirable. 

Porphyry. — A rock consisting of a compact 
base, usually feldspathic, through which 
crystals of feldspar are disseminated. 

Primary' or Primaiive Rock. — Consists of 
the various kinds of slate, quartz, serpentine, 
granite, and gneiss; they are the lowest 
group of rocks, are irregularly crystallized, 
and contain a few animal relics. 

Prospect. — The difference between a mine and 
^.prospect, though entirely clear to the mi- 
ner, is but vaguely comprehended by those 
unfamiliar. For the advisement of the lat- 
ter the following examples are given, with 
mining idioms. To begin with, there are, 
in Colorado, at least, three distinct classes 
of mines and prospects. First, and prepon- 
derant at the present time, " true fissure " 
veins, abundantly illustrated in the counties 
of Gilpin, Clear Creek, Boulder, Park, and 
in the San Juan mountains. Second, the 
mineral deposits in horizontal strata, as in 
Mounts Lincoln and Bross; and, third, the 
carbonate formations about Leadville, in the 
Dolores and Gunnison districts, and in Sum- 
mit county, along Ten -Mile and the Eagle 
river. The true fissure penetrates the earth 
crust vertically, or at various angles from 
ten to forty or fifty degrees, and is a vein of 
mineral "in place," that is to say, in a fixed 
position, and according to the accepted 
theory, practically inexhaustible. The car- 
bonate formations are, as a rule, horizontal 
deposits in contact veins between two dis- 
tinctive geological formations — as porphyry 
and limestone. A mine as distinguished 
from a mere prospect, is something which 
has produced, and is capable of producing 



valuable material, demonstrated not by a 
shaft alone, but by levels, stopes, adits or 
drifts along the vein, developing the strength 
and character of the mineral body it con- 
tains. Whether the shaft be fifty or five 
hundred feet deep, it is not amine in the le 
gitimate sense, until these developments 
have occurred,and its value thus established. 
The shaft is a form of prospecting. A tun- 
nel on the vein, instead of by shafting is of 
the same nature. The levels and stopes con- 
stitute the development from which the pro- 
fits are derived. A shaft rarely produces 
sufficient ore to pay for the cost of sinking, 
and it is the central point from which the 
explorations are conducted. A fissure pros- 
pect is a surface excavation which uncovers 
the vein. It cannot be lawfully claimed as 
a location until the vein is exposed and its 
walls defined. It does not, as in the carbon ■ 
ate fields, acquire the slightest prestige or 
value as a prospect from its proximity in 
parallel line to noted producers. It must 
rest upon its own merits solely, regardless of 
the treasures on either side of it, and its 
owner must rely solely upon development 
for the demonstration of its value. A car- 
bonate prospect, on the contrary, derives 
both prestige and value from its relation to 
surrounding claims in which large bodies 
of rich mineral have been exposed. Vast 
sums have been invested in this class of 
ventures. Many of them will prove extra 
hazardous, but a very large number will un- 
doubtedly return abundant harvests in good 
time. Hundreds are taking the chances, 
and in the results lie the future of the car- 
bonate camps. 

Prospecting. — Hunting for mineral lodes or 
placers. 

Pulp. — Pulverized ore in the lixivia tion pro- 
cess. 

Reducing. — Separating from foreign sub- 
stances; the reduction of ores consists in 
extracting from them the metals they con- 
tain. 

Salting a Mine. — Placing mineral or ore in 
barren places to swindle. 

Shaft. — A vertical or indineM excavation for 
purpose of prospecting or working mines. 

Side Lines.— The lines which bound the sides 
of a claim. 

Slag. — Scum, dross, the excrement of a metal; 
vitrified cinders; waste from smelters. 



i So 



WHERE TO GO TO BECOME RICH. 



Slimes. — The finest of the crushed ore and 
gangue from mills. 

Sluices. — Boxes or troughs through which 
gold-bearing gravel is washed. 

Smelting. — Reducing the ores in furnaces to 
metals. 

Soft Carbonate. — Silver-bearing mineral so 
soft that it can be readily taken out with a 
pick and shovel. It is usually sand impreg- 
nated with mineral, the mineral having been 
carbonated and oxydized. Soft carbonates 
are usually richer in silver than hard car- 
bonates. 

Stamps. — Machines for crushing ores. 

Stope — A body or column of mineral left by 
running drifts about it. 

Stoping. — The act of breaking down a stope 
and excavating it with a pick. 

Strata — A series of beds of rock. 

Stull. — Platforms of timbers between levels 
for strengthening the mine by supporting 
the walls, and for storing ore and depositing 
wall rock and waste material upon. 

Siull Timbers. — The large timbers placed 
across the vein or lode from one wall to an- 
other, to support the lagging upon which 
the ore or waste is placed. 

Strike. — A find; a valuable mineral develop- 
ment made in an unexpected manner. 



SuLPHURET. — Combination of sulphur with a 
metallic, earthy, or alkaline base. 

Sump or Sumph. — A pit sunk at the bottom of 
a mine to collect the water. It may be the 
bottom of a shaft. 

Superficial Deposits — Are composed of 
such metals and ores as lie on or near the 
surface, intermixed with soil, sand, gravel, 
etc. ; they are also called washings or stream 
works, these metals and ores being gathered 
by washing with water; much gold, all 
platina, and some tin and cinnabar are col- 
lected in this manner. 

Tailings. — The auriferous earth that has once 
been washed and deprived of the greater 
portion of the gold it contained. 

TUNNEL, — A level, driven at right angles to the 
vein, which its object is to reach. 

Vein. — Aggregations of mineral matter in fis- 
sures of rocks. 

Walls. — The sides next to the lode. 

Wash. — The first geological formation, being 
composed of earth, sand, gravel, and other 
minerals " washed " down from the moun- 
tains during a long series of ages. 

Whim. — A machine for raising ores and ref- 
use. 

Winze. — A shaft sunk from one level to the 
other. 



♦Jk= 



EE-M- 




IOHN P. LOWER, 

Sportsmen's Depot 

381 Blake Street, Denver, Col. 

WHOLESALE & RETAIL DEALEK IN 

GUNS, RIFLES, PISTOLS, AMMUNITION, 

Fishing Tackle and Sporting Goods. 

A large assortment of Sharp's, Winchester, Burgess, and Kennedy 
Rifles always on hand. Also, Colt's, Smith & Wesson and other Pistols. 
Breech-loading Shot Guns of all the best American and English makes. Tour- 
ists' and Prospectors' supplies always on hand, and guides procured for 
those who want them. 



AMERICAN HOUSE 



Hotel Corner Sixteenth and Blake Streets, DENVER, Colorado. 

Two Hundred Rooms, Suites and Apartments, Lighted with Gas; only 
Two Blocks from all Railroad Depots, First Class in all Departments. 

Rates: $2.50, $3.00, $3.50, to $4.00 a Day, %?gfy&^&£SS. 

Capitalists, Miners, and Stock Men. Everybody feels happy, comfortable and at 
home at the AMERICAN. 

N. SARGENT, Manager, 



a :: e 



^TraijsportationxSonpny. 



&- 



EXPRESS FORWARDERS 

AND CARRIERS OF THE 

GREAT SOUTHE RN OVE RLAND MAIL. 

Santa Fe, via La Mesilla and Silver City, to Tucson, Arizona Territory. Fare 

to Tucson/ $98.25. 

Direct route to the Southwest. Fare to Mesilla, $46.50. Proportionate 

to other points on the line. 

Round Trip tickets furnished St. Louis Commercial men on basis of TWENTY-FIVE CENTS 
per mile, when bought for Mesilla, or points beyond. Connections are made for passen- 
gers, express or fast freight, with all important points in New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, 
California, and Mexico. 

F. H. WOODWORTH, Sec. J. E. LONG, Special Agent. 

J. B. PRICE, President. 

WM. B. FENDERSON, Agent, Santa Fe Office. 



TRINIDAD, COLO. 



SADDLES! SADDLES 

^=CET THE BEST.; 



J. F. BOND,! 



TH E- 





0UC-A-23ZES THEM, 

And is the only known Reliable, Practical Saddler in Southern Colorado. 

Do not be deceived with half (or more) poor leather, represented as fine California stock; 
but go to the Boss Shop, and you will get the Best at a Cheaper price than a poor article 
anywhere else. 

Everything made or kept in a first class shop, in great variety, on hand and made to 
order. 

Repairing well done and at reasonable prices. Carriage trimming, in good style, done to 
order. 

Ill Main Street, TRINIDAD, and ANIMAS CITY, Colorado. 

United States Hotel, 

TRINIDAD, Col. GEO. N. WILSON, Prop. 

♦ 

Kept in FIRST CLASS STYLE, and the Proprietor hopes to make it the FAVORITE 
HOTEL OF SOUTHERN COLORADO. With this object in view, no pains will be spared in 
the accommodation of travelers and visitors. The table will at all times be supplied with the 
BEST THE MARKET AFFORDS, regardless of cost. Large additions will be made to the 
house at once, in order to accommodate all who may desire to stop over at the GATE CITY OF 
NEW MEXICO and ARIZONA. 

DR. A. WILEY, 

DRUGS, MEDICINES, STATIONERY, 

AND TOILET ARTICLES, 

TRINIDAD, _••--- COLORADO. 



TRINIDAD, COLO. 

jet!,* Sa SML kJ XjXxi ^^L, s£^ Xa^i/O^ 

WHOLESALE DEALERS 1\ 
IMPORTED AND DOMESTIC 

wipg, v mpei^ •:• 4 •:• cig w 

Special Attention paid to the Wants of Travelers. 

SOLE AGENTS FOR ANHAUSER BEER IN SOUTHERN COLORADO, 



Main Street, TRINIDAD, Colorado. 

JOS. DAVIS. P. B. SHERMAN. 

DAVIS & SHERMAN, 

GROCERS. 

Trinidad, Colorado. 

LAS YEGAS, NEW MEXICO. 

P. H. BROWNE, of Kansas City, Mo. F. A. MANZANARES, of New Mexico 

BROWNE & MANZANARES, 
FORWARDING & COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 

Xj.£.S VEGAS, ... _ 3iTETX7- XvCE^IC© 

ST. NICHOLAS HOUSE, 

ZL-A-S VEQ^VS, 3NT. UVE. 

Complete success and surprise to everybody. Everything new 
and improved. The most centrally located and only first-class 
house in Las Yegas. Rates, $3.00 per day ; $14.00 per week 

T. F. CHAPMAN, Proprietor. 






SANTA. FE, N. M. 

tct 



Manufacturer of 



■Vb 



-^fcJKpfiran Piligrpf jFfopIpg.]} 



6-6- 



— AN D D EALER I N 



IMPORTED JEWELRY, FINE WATCHES, 



Persons interested in witnessing process of Manufacture of Mexican Fili- 
gree Jewelry by Native Workmen, are cordially invited to call, 
and be conducted through workshops. 

ffanta jfe, ' ,- ■ ■ Jle^ Ipexieo. 



:T.R ICV 



Wholesale and Retail Dealers in 



*L*&$ 



Groceries, Provisions, 

CROCKERY, 

San Francisco Street, SANTA FE, New Mexico. 



->#E]Sem!5p+KITCflEN#* 

First Glass Restaurant, 

WEST SIDE OP PLAZA, SANTA FE, N. M. 

LUNCHES FOR TOURISTS, -*-*• MEALS AT ALL HOURS, 
JOHIT F\a..BE.R, Pr.p, 



SANTA FE, N. M. 



IEOME & McKIlTZEE, 

HARDWARE COMPANY 

O^ 1 S-^InTT^. ^ZE, IbT. jml. 



LUNG HOUSEJNJHE TERRITORY, 

DEALERS IN HARDWARE, 



-=£=£• MANUFACTURERS OF ^ 



COPPER, TIN AND SHEET IRON WARE. 

Miner's Supplies a Specialty. 

SANTA FE, - - - - 



NEW MEXICO. 



W ^^ffiwS^ ^^^^» ^^TO 



ST-P-. 



^W»l| 



Manufacturers ef and Dealers in Gold and Silver 




SAN FRANCISCO STREET, SANTA FE, N. M. 

Also, keep on hand a full assortment of Clocks, Gold and 
Silver Watches, and Spectacles of all kinds 



ORDERS BY MAIL "WILL BE PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO. 
All Work Warranted. 



SANTA FE, N. M. 

IJLJBTEILiJD) <fe <DO« 9 
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL MERCHANTS. 

Sole Agents for BURT'S Boots and Shoes. 

PROVISIONS, DRY GOODS, CLOTHING. 

Will occupy the New Building now in course of erection. 

THE LARGEST IN THE TERRITORY. The Plaza, Santa Fe, N. M. 



HgPP¥66WP^gB 



PALACE AVENUE, West of the Palace. 



A Large Variety of Stereoscopic Views of the Antiquities and 
Curiosities of Santa Fe and Vicinity for Sale. 

HAYT <5c J"0^", 
BOOKSELLERS AND STATIONERS. 

One Dozen Gurnsey's Celebrated Views of Santa Fe Sent to Any Ad- 
dress, Post-Paid, for $3.00. INDIAN POTTERY A SPECIALTY 

PLAZA, West Side, SANTA FE, X. M. 

SANTA FE LIVERY STABLE, 

Near the Exchange Hotel. 

FIRST CLASS TURNOUTS ANl TSADDLE HORSES, 

On receipt of Letter or Telegram will meet Tourists on Arrival of 

Trains from the East, 
H. F. SWOP &. CO. 

TJ&^&TI&Gr HO USE IInT S^ZbTM?^ IFIE] 

JULIUSGERDES, 

«*^=| HAVVIf si §^* 

DEALER IN CLOTHING, TRUNKS. MEN'S FURNISHING 
GOODS A SPECIALTY. 



Santa Fe to PrescottII 



! 






Mail and Transportation Company. 




Than any other Route to or from the East. 



Stages arrive in Santa Fe at 8 a. m., and depart at 7 a. m., 
daily. Arrive in Prescott at 7 a. m., and depart - 
at 8 p. m., daily. 

OFFICE IN SANTA FE : On Palace Street, East of the Flasa, 

PRESCOTT : In Jackson & Tompkins' Building, on the Plaza. 



JOHN A.WALSH, Proprietor, 

Washington, D. C 

JOHNT. HOCUE, Cen'l Ag'tand Paymaster, Santa Fe, N. M. 
JOHN M. EDDY, No. 55 Clark Street, Chicago. 



PUEBLO, COLO. 

c. p. hayslTp <fe CO., 

Wholesale and Retail Dealers in 

HARDWARE, STOVES, 

Tinware, Iron, Steel and Nails, 

SANTA FE AVENUE, Cor, of Fourth Street, PUEBLO, COL 

il 

SANTA FE AVENUE, PIHBLO, COLORADO. 

CHICAGO, ILL. 

105-109 MADISON STREET, 

GHIC^OO. 



Wholesale and Retail 




CrENEpii B00K JflfflTOFTICTOIW. 

Publishers and Authors contemplating publishing Medical 
Works, Law Books or General Literature, will do well to get our 
estimates before placing their work. Binding, Printing and Paper 
furnished. Our facilities for Cloth, Sheep, Half Calf or Morocco 
Bindings are unexcelled. 

CAPACITY OF BINDERY, 1,500 VOLUMES DAILY- 

SCHOOL BLANKS. 

Our "RED LINE SERIES" of Legal School Records and 
Blanks are considered far ahead of any others in the market. 
SEND FOR CATALOGUE. 
ESTIMATES PROMPTLY AND CHEERFULLY GIVEN. 

DONOHUE & HENNEBERRY, Chicago. 



EXTRACT FROM CHICAGO TRIBUNE : 

IS LIFE WORTH LIVING? 

THERE IS A REMARKABLE BOOK, 

just issued from the press, which is exciting a great deal of discussion 
in Europe and this country among the religious and non-religious 
classes. It is entitled "Is Life Worth Living?" and is the work of 
William H. Mallock, author of "The New Republic," and other 
writings. This new work is one of the most remarkable contribu- 
tions to the polemics of the unknowable in the religious life and the 
hereafter, and one of the most remarkable analyses of the motives 
that affect and govern man in his relations to moral conduct and his 
Maker, and of what constitutes happiness, morality, goodness, etc., 
that has recently challenged public attention. It is singularly well 
written, carefully worded, and with moderation of statement and 
strength of argument antagonizes the views of Huxley, Tyndall, 
Spencer, Mill, and the other chiefs of the positivist and utilitarian 
schools with an audacity and directness which are permissible to a 
man of Mai lock's searching logic and thorough grasp of the subject. 
The work being one of the sensations of the year in religious polem- 
ics, in order to enable the reader to get a bird's-eye view of the 
writer's argument, and a summary of his premises and conclusions, 
the following compact condensation is printed : 

The new import of the question. 

Morality and the prize of life. 

Sociology as the foundation of morality. 

Goodness as its own reward. 

Love as a test of goodness. 

The superstition of positivism. 

The practical prospect. 

The logic of scientific negation. 

Morality and natural theism. 

The human race and revelation. 

Universal history and the claims of the Christian Church. 

BELIEF AND WILL. 

The aim of this book has been to clear the great question as to 
man's nature, and the proper way of regarding him, from the confu- 
sion at present surrounding it, and to show that the answer will 
finally rest, not on outer evidence, but on himself and on his own 
■will, if he have a will. 

BELFORD, CLARKE & CO., Publishers, 

CHICAGO. 

ASK THE NEWS AGENT TO SHOW YOU A COPY. 



(. 



\ 



THE CELEBRATED HOT SPRINGS 

OF 

LAS VEGAS 

(NEW MEXICO) 
Arc located directly on the line of the 

Atchison 9 Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad 

And cannot be reached by any other Route. 

The Wonderful Properties of these Springs are attracting the 
attention of the entire Medical World. 

The Hotel and Bathing accommodations are equal to those of any pleas- 
ure resort in the United States. 

THE SCENERY IS ENCHANTING, 

and THE FINEST TROUT FISHING can he had within a few 
minutes walk from any of the principal hotels. It is only eighty miles by 
rail from 

Santa Fe, the Oldest City in America. 

The traces of a former civilization is to be found without the least trouble 
in every part of New Mexico, Taos and Arizona. Stone hammers, vases of 
ancient pottery, etc., are exhumed by the hundreds every day. To the 
scientific student this country is as pregnant of interest on account of its 
archaelogical specimens of an ancierft civilized people as Troy is to the 
famous Dr. Schliemann and his admirers. "A man" cannot say that he 
knows the United States until he visits New Mexico and Arizona. 

We quote the following extract from the Chicago Times of March 23d, to 
show what a miner thinks of the New Mexico mines: "I tell you, gentle- 
men, I've been in the prospecting business for eighteen years, — all along, 
up and down, the great mineral beit, — and I'll swear that never on this earth 
has such a sight been seen. We struck it right from the grass roots, and 
we have two hundred and fifty tons of ore on the dump taken right from 
the surface, and if you will pick a single ton out of the heap which will 
actually return less than one thousand ounces of gold and silver I'll 
forfeit $1,000." 

For further information, address 

W. F. WHITE, Cen'l Pass. & Ticket Agt., 

A., T. & S. F. R. R., 

T OX* UK. A., K.^V3V. 



JOHN STUART MILL'S LAST WORK 



SOCIALISM and UTILITARIANISM 

By JOHN STUART MILL. 

CLOTH, - - 12 IMIO- 

Helen Taylor, in the Preface to this work, says: " It appears to 
me to possess great intrinsic value, as well as special application to 
the problems now forcing themselves on public attention. It will 
not, I believe, detract even from the mere literary reputation of the 
author, but will rather form an example of the patient labour with 
which good work is done." 



" One of* the Greatest Books that the World has 
seen."— Chicago Times. 

The Greed of Christendom 

Its Foundation.Contrasted with its Superstructure. 
By W. RATHBONE GREG, 

Author of " Enigmas of Life," Etc. 



Complete and Unabridged, with Index not in 
Other Editions. 



Crown 8vo. 

The Boston Edition of this remarkable hook, without Index, sells at $5.00. 

The Chicago Times of August 30th, in a long review, says: "Mr. 
Greg has applied the test of the reason to the Christian Theology in 
this book, one of the. greatest that the -world has seen for many a day. . 

'. . . A BOOK THAT OUGHT TO BE USED AS A TEXT-BOOK IN EVERY 
THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY IN THE CHRISTIAN WORLD; THAT OUGHT 
TO BE PRINTED IN CHEAP EDITIONS BY THE REAL EVANGELICAL SO- 
CIETIES, AND GIVEN AWAY BY MILLIONS TO THOSE WHO ARE IN 
DOUBT AND KNOW NOT WHITHER TO TURN FOR LIGHT 

And ministers will not do their full duty till they educate their con- 
gregations in the evidences against as well as for Christianity. And 
no book will help them do this better than Mr. Greg's " Creed of 
Christendom." 



FOR SALE ON THESE CARS. 



ii»r RY of c ° ngress 

014 754 587 3 



